Encyclopedia Dubuque - User contributions [en]

CAMP FRANKLIN

2026-03-19T22:18:37Z

Mmay:

[[Image:deserter1663.jpg|left|thumb|350px|Editorial in the ''Dubuque Herald'' of January 6, 1863 . Image courtesy: Diane Harris.]]CAMP FRANKLIN. [[CAMP UNION]] was closed in December due to anti-war sentiment and poor organization. The camp reopened in July under the name of Camp Franklin, housing the [[IOWA 21ST VOLUNTARY INFANTRY]], [[IOWA 27TH INFANTRY REGIMENT]], [[IOWA 32ND REGIMENT]], and [[IOWA 38TH INFANTRY REGIMENT]]. All 120 men of the 21st regiment were Dubuquers; Captain Swivel was their leader.

[[GRAVES, Julius K.|Julius K. GRAVES]] had a hospital constructed at the camp to treat the wounded and sick soldiers. During the fall of 1862, outbreaks of typhoid, measles and other diseased occurred, causing 11 deaths and over 200 sick men. Because of bitter feelings involving a German company, there was even a murder. (1) Sick soldiers were cared for by the Soldiers Aid Society and the Dubuque Women's Society. The hospital was originally operated by the [[SISTERS OF CHARITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (BVM)]].

Governor Kirkwood visited the camp in October 1862 as complaints about patient care reached his office. "A report at Camp Franklin indicated that 193 men had been admitted to the camp hospital, 163 had returned to duty, seven were convalescing, one had been discharged, eight had died and 14 were still in the hospital quite ill." Poor "cooking methods" were declared the cause of many of the complaints. The governor closed the camp and the buildings were dismantled and sold at an auction in January, 1863, for $1,564.

---

Source:

1. "A Murder at Camp Franklin," ''Dubuque Herald'', October 14, 1862, page 4, column 1: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lttCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rKsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5988%2C6534425

See: [[CIVIL WAR]]

[[CAMP UNION]]

[[Category: Military]]

CAMP FRANKLIN

2026-03-19T22:17:06Z

Mmay:

[[Image:deserter1663.jpg|left|thumb|350px|Editorial in the ''Dubuque Herald'' of January 6, 1863 . Image courtesy: Diane Harris.]]CAMP FRANKLIN. [[CAMP UNION]] was closed in December due to anti-war sentiment and poor organization. The camp reopened in July under the name of Camp Franklin, housing the [[IOWA 21ST VOLUNTARY INFANTRY]], [[IOWA 27TH INFANTRY REGIMENT]], [[IOWA 32ND REGIMENT]], and [[IOWA 38TH INFANTRY REGIMENT]]. All 120 men of the 21st regiment were Dubuquers; Captain Swivel was their leader.

[[GRAVES, Julius K.|Julius K. GRAVES]] had a hospital constructed at the camp to treat the wounded and sick soldiers. During the fall of 1862, outbreaks of typhoid, measles and other diseased occurred, causing 11 deaths and over 200 sick men. Because of bitter feelings involving a German company, there was even a murder.(1) Sick soldiers were cared for by the Soldiers Aid Society and the Dubuque Women's Society. The hospital was originally operated by the [[SISTERS OF CHARITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (BVM)]].

Governor Kirkwood visited the camp in October 1862 as complaints about patient care reached his office. "A report at Camp Franklin indicated that 193 men had been admitted to the camp hospital, 163 had returned to duty, seven were convalescing, one had been discharged, eight had died and 14 were still in the hospital quite ill." Poor "cooking methods" were declared the cause of many of the complaints. The governor closed the camp and the buildings were dismantled and sold at an auction in January, 1863, for $1,564.

---

Source:

1. "A Murder at Camp Franklin," ''Dubuque Herald'', October 14, 1862, page 4, column 1: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lttCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rKsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5988%2C6534425

See: [[CIVIL WAR]]

[[CAMP UNION]]

[[Category: Military]]

AFRICAN AMERICANS

2026-01-21T16:56:57Z

Mmay:

'''SEE CATEGORY: AFRICAN AMERICAN'''

AFRICAN AMERICANS. In a study of Iowa's history prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]], Dubuque was the only city in the state with a sizable black community. In 1840 seventy-two African Americans lived in Dubuque giving the city Iowa's largest black population. (1) Sixteen “slaves,” were enumerated, all living in the area of Dubuque. (2) Early mayors including [[O'FERRALL, F. K.|F. K. O'FERRALL]] and [[LORIMIER, Peter|Peter LORIMIER]], land receiver [[MCKNIGHT, Thomas|Thomas MCKNIGHT]] and Iowa U. S. Senator [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] were all slave owners. (3) Senators Jones owned the most slaves, three, and even more while living in Sinsinawa Mound, Wisconsin Territory. (4) By 1850, however, while Dubuque's white population had increased ten-times, the population of blacks had fallen to 29. This decline can be attributed to two factors: 1) a general decline in [[LEAD MINING]] and related activities needing manual and day laborers and 2) a lynching in 1840. (5) Some evidence suggests that Dubuque played a role in the [[UNDERGROUND RAILROAD]] prior to the [[CIVIL WAR]].

Dubuque's early economy was dominated by [[MINING]] and commercial capitalism; in the absence of manufacturing industries, most of the working class population was involved in manual labor. (6) Most German workers were skilled artisans. The Irish were generally unskilled workers. In Europe, the British ruled the Irish under codes known as "Penal Laws" that resulted in oppression and exclusion. When they arrived in America, the Irish were thrown together with blacks in low income jobs by society on the east coast. The resulting socialization led to mulattoes either referred to as "(word omitted) turned inside out" or "smoked Irish." (7) Carrying these bitter memories westward, Irish saw blacks as competitors for jobs.

The socioeconomic-occupational status of blacks from 1850-1920 remained basically unchanged as day laborers and house servants (8) In 1850 only two of the 29 blacks in the city were identified as self-employed--barbers. In the late 1850s one, Agnes Arthur, was listed as operating a boarding house. (9) In 1870 there were only three self-employed blacks--two barbers and a blacksmith. The 1900 census found only one black engineer who worked aboard a boat in the [[ICE HARBOR]]. There were also two painters and one bricklayer. By 1910, most semi-skilled black workers disappeared; in 1920 the only "prominent" black resident was a minister. The black population from 1870 to 1920 fell to 76--(equal to one-tenth of one percent). (10)

The lynching in 1840, a particularly vicious episode of racial violence in the city's early history, was that of Nathaniel Morgan, a free black who worked as a cook and waiter at a local hotel. Morgan was accused of stealing a truck of clothes. Whipped and beaten by a mob, he was eventually hung when the trunk could not be found. The members of the mob were arrested and tried, but then acquitted on the grounds that their "intention to commit murder had not been proven." (11)

The case of [[RALPH]] in 1839 and the 1851 repeal of the 1839 territorial law banning interracial marriage re-enforced the idea that Iowans considered African Americans as politically and economically inferior. The Iowa Legislature passed what became known as [[BLACK CODE]] which slowed the movement of free blacks into the territory. In 1839 the first law prevented "blacks and mulattoes" from settling in Iowa if they did not possess "a certificate of freedom and the ability to post a bond of $500" showing that they "would not become a public charge." (12) The second law passed in 1840 prohibited interracial marriages. (13) In 1844 [[LANGWORTHY, Edward|Edward LANGWORTHY]], at the state constitutional convention, asked the other delegates to pass his proposal that the legislature prevent black and mulatto settlement in the state. The measure was adopted, but removed at a later meeting. The convention, however, did exclude free black males from voting or serving in the state legislature and militia. (14)

The [[PANIC OF 1857]] was a nationwide calamity that did not spare Dubuque. Between 1840 and 1860 the black population of Dubuque fell from 8.6 percent to .5 percent. This was at a time when Iowa's black population (between 1850 and 1860) tripled in the state. (15)

Contributing to division among races were the writings of [[MAHONY, Dennis|Dennis MAHONY]], editor of the ''Dubuque Herald'' and a strong southern advocate. The ''Dubuque Herald'' on April 23, 1861 carried the following editorial:

Free Blacks Coming North. The boats from St. Louis last Saturday
had several hundred free Negroes aboard, seeking homes in the
"Land of the Free." A public notice was given last week that all
free blacks must leave that city and State in five days. This
caused a very dark colored stampede. We are glad that only a very
few stopped at Dubuque. (16)

The following editorial appeared first in the ''LaCrosse Democrat'' but was reprinted in the ''Dubuque Herald'' on March 16, 1862. [Note: An inflammatory word has been removed so that the editorial can appear here].

All for the (XXX)- We have figured out the cost of
the present war in cash to date, and find that
the Government has already expended enough money to
purchase every (XXX) in the United States and to
furnish each one with a flannel shirt, a copy of
the ''New York Tribune'', and a quill tooth pick.
Nothing like meddling with that which is none of our
business. (17)

On July 27, 1863 the United States War Department organized the 1st Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry A.D. (African Descent) when there were probably less than fifteen hundred persons of African descent living in Iowa. There were enough recruits to form six companies, although all companies included men from adjoining states. An additional four companies were recruited in Missouri. The total strength of the regiment when the last man was recruited on December 3, 1863 was 911. (18) The Union Army eventually filled 138 infantry regiments, 6 cavalry regiments and 16 artillery regiments with African Americans whether as soldiers or staff. (19) In 1863 it was reported by the ''Dubuque Herald'' that Secretary of War Stanton intended to raise an army of two hundred thousand "negroes to subdue the South." (20)

[[File:usct recruiting.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Photo courtesy: "Come and join us brothers: Published by the Supervisory Committee for Recruiting Colored Regiments, 1210 Chestnut St. Philadelphia " (1862). Prints, Drawings and Watercolors from the Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection. Brown Digital Repository/Brown University Library]] The North began to change its mind about Black soldiers in 1862, when in July Congress passed the Second Confiscation and Militia Acts, allowing the army to use Blacks to serve with the army in any duties required. Some generals used this act to form the first Black regiments. President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 to take effect on January 1, 1863. The Emancipation allowed Blacks to serve in the army of the United States as soldiers. In May 1863, the Bureau of Colored Troops was formed, and all of the Black regiments were called United States Colored Troops. (21)

More than 200,000 Black men serve in the United States Army and Navy. The USCT fought in 450 battles and suffered more than 38,000 deaths. Significant battles were Nashville, Fort Fisher, Wilmington, Wilson’s Wharf, New Market Heights (Chaffin’s Farm), Fort Wagner, Battle of the Crater, and Appomattox. (22)

The idea of recruiting African Americans into the military fueled racism in Dubuque. Dennis A. Mahony editorialized that the Lincoln administration had for nearly a year been trying to "recruit a few negro regiments" and that the effort had met with only moderate success. "The few who are claimed to be in the service have been dragged into it by force and kept there at the point of the bayonet." (23)

The Herald's anti-black position intensified in 1863. In an editorial on April 5, 1863 Mahony wrote:

Who wants to vote the (XXX)-emancipation ticket? Who
wants Iowa covered with indolent blacks? Answer at the
polls. (24)

Despite the anti-black sentiment of the ''Herald'', or perhaps because of it, Albert Linzy, age 22 and living in Dubuque, enlisted on September 12, 1863 as a Third Sergeant. In ill health, he was mustered out on October 11, 1863 and died of disease on October 26, 1863 in Keokuk, Iowa where he was buried in the Oakland Cemetery. (25)

The ''Herald'' continued its claim that recruitment efforts of African Americans had failed in 1864. In addition, the claims were made that the effort had spread "division and discord" in the North, operated as a barrier to the exchange of prisoners, and led to cruelties in violation of the rules of war. (26)

The following article appeared in the ''Dubuque Democratic Herald'' on September 10, 1864. (27)

Happy Are We, (XXX). So Gay--Yesterday morning a dark cloud
was discovered coming up Main Street which took the citizens
by surprise...The cloud was ten colored recruits...They slept
in the room in the St. Cloud block and are an orderly,
respectible (sic) looking set of men, and don't smell very
bad although yesterday was rather warm. If they ever get out
of the army their troubles will then just commence.

The racism in some cases can only be seen today when the meaning of the words is understood. The following editorial appeared in December 1864. The definition of "contrabands" appears in parentheses: (28)

Street Lamps Opaque-The street lamps were not in a state of
illumination last evening, and the moon was in company with
them. It was almost as dark as a regiment of "contrabands"
(African Americans). Where was the lamp lighter?

On October 15, 1864 the following news article appeared in the ''Dubuque Democratic Herald'' showing a grudging admiration for a surprising subject: (29)

A Black Broker--Our citizens had a practical illustration
the other day of a (XXX) dealing in white men. A negro,
from some interior town, presented himself at the Provost
Marshal's Office as a volunteer to fill the quota of his
town, and was also authorized, and furnished with the
means, to buy enough men to fill the quota. He flourished
among the white brokers, and was a formidable rival,
bidding up in a spirited manner. He got one white man for
$700, and would pay that much for several more, but he
happened to open negotiations with a Copperhead who
gave him a blow over the peeper, and the (XXX) left for
home soon after with a black eye, and has not been seen
since. He is several degrees above those ranting, howling
abolitionists who blow war all the time, but never enlist
themselves. He is going to the front 'wid de white fokes.'

Encouraged to leave the South was not a promise of a better life.

The Charity of Color-A benevolent soldier man, whose name
we did not learn, brought from the South a colored woman
some eight months ago. He had assisted her and fifty or
more other colored persons to leave the South and seek
their fortunes in the kindly North. He gave the women to
some family acquaintances or relatives here and she worked
for nothing just as well as the abolitionists accuse those
of her color doing in the South. All was well as long as
she did not cost anything. But hereby hangs a tale. She is
about to become a mother, so the mistress drove her away
and she was obligated to sleep in an outbuilding on Tuesday
night without fire. Yesterday the Overseer of the Poor was
endeavoring to find some place the poor creature could be
comfortable. Where is all the abolition philanthropy of
those who wanted these colored fellow citizens of African
descent to come North? They welcome them as long as they
can get their work for nothing, but young mulattoes are
decidedly at a discount. (30)

The issue of black voting came to Dubuque in 1865 when the lieutenant governor came to the city to speak. The ''Dubuque Herald'' referred to this official as the governor's "man Friday" with not so subtle racial implications and went on to state:

His "man Friday," obeys orders and will start the "billows"
(sic) tonight. Those wishing to witness the exhibition of
negro-equality logic will be present. (31)

The following day the ''Herald'' reported that a "baker's dozen of African admirers" attended the meeting. While no report was made of the speaker's arguments, the article mentioned that [[LYON, Delos E.|Delos E. LYON]] was pinching his leg to stay awake and that by the end of the speech the empty seats in the audience "demonstrated the moving power of the lieutenant governor's logic." (32)

[[File:watermelon.jpg|200px|thumb|left|"Ah, Chile, You's Bin Eatin' Dem Watermillyons." Trade Card. Photo: Joseph Jacobsmeier]]
[[File:morality.jpg|200px|thumb|right|"Specht Massa make it lively if he done cotch dis chile." Trade Card. Photo: Joseph Jacobsmeier]]
[[File:work.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Trade Card. Photo: Joseph Jacobsmeier]]
[[File:work2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Trade Card. Photo: Joseph Jacobsmeier]][[File:work3.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Trade Card. Photo: Joseph Jacobsmeier]]
[[File:work4.jpg|200px|thumb|right|"Golly, Missas, what am dat yeast going wid di dough?"Trade Card. Photo: Joseph Jacobsmeier]]

'''Trade cards were the means of advertising a business. In the 1800s stereotypes on these cards of African Americans ridiculed their intelligence, speech, morality, industriousness and foods.'''

[[Image:racist.png|left|thumb|350px|This local advertisement was found inside the front cover of an 1879 edition of McGuffey's Fourth Eclectic Reader.]]

After the Civil War, some blacks worked on the riverboats where they found some support among their fellow workers. In 1866 the white members of a crew on a packet boat went on strike for better pay. While many of the white crew members had some money for food, the thirty blacks had nothing leading to the following story in the ''Dubuque Daily Herald'': (33)

Commendable Sympathy--We are informed that the whole crews
that lately left the service of the Packet company were
soliciting subscriptions yesterday, to aid the black crews
who are without money consequent upon their refusal to
work as per contract. The company owes each man $37.80,
not one cent of which will be paid unless they resume work
and continue until the season of navigation closes. In
passing a crowd of the black crews yesterday, one of them
was humming in melancholy tone the popular refrain:
All the work is dark and dreary
Everywhere I roam,
On darkies how my heart grows weary
Far from the old folks at home.

The efforts of the white boatman among the people of Dubuque had success: (34)

Helping the Blacks--The negro roustabouts of the ''Key City''
who left the boat for an increase in wages are hanging around
the levee without a morsel to eat or a cent in their pockets
and would starve to death for all the notice the abolitionists
take of them. The Copperheads are their real friends in their
hour of need. They have furnished them with victuals and
besides the $25 previously, collected $15 last Friday to
relieve their wants. Many a needy boatman has given liberally
to keep the poor blacks from starving, and they are beginning
to find out who are their true friends. The river men, that is
the white roustabouts and deck hands, take a lively interest
in their welfare, and will see to it that the poor negro is
supplied with food and clothing if nothing more. The boarding
houses, groceries, and bakeries downtown contributed a certain
amount daily to keep the thirty blacks from suffering.

Strikes spread to other boats in the late summer of 1866. The ''Dubuque Herald'' expected that the packet company would have no trouble finding plenty of men working along the river to be substitutes. (35) Instead, the company returned to Cincinnati, Ohio where 206 blacks were hired as strikebreakers to replace striking blacks and whites. (36) When the body of an African American, a "floater," was found in the Mississippi River, the ''Dubuque Herald'' commented, "We should not be surprised." (37) When another "colored crew" left the city for their home in Cincinnati, the article went on to state "cologne must come down (in price) now...there is no use for it until next season." (38)

In September the new black crew members decided to strike. As reported in the ''Dubuque Herald'': (39)

a sassafras colored (XXX), in town went down to the levee and
whispered something in their ears when they all left the boat
in a body, without any notice at all after she had been loaded
in Dunleith and was ready to start for this side of the river.

In response, the company sent an agent to Cincinnati to hire 300 whites to work as crew members. The newspaper commented that these strikes were not unexpected as "a (XXX) is no better than white man; they all want 'more." (40)

Businesses that did not discriminate had public opinion with which to be concerned.

To the Editor of the Dubuque Herald--Having recently been
a resident of the city, I would like to inquire whether it
is customary for the land-lords in first-class hotels to
seat the colored with the white folks at the table. Having
been an eyewitness to the proceeding, we, for one, protest
against the custom of "mixing boarders" in this promiscuous
manner. We respect a negro in his place, and cannot but
believe that such a course will be injurious to the reputation
of the House and offensive to the traveling public. (41)

In 1866 the following editorial appeared in the ''Dubuque Herald'':

A Colored Petition-A petition is being circulated through
town asking the Board of Education to provide schools for
the education of colored children. A Copperhead says that
if such schools are established "(XXX) will flock here in
swarms to get 'larnin' and that the gas will have to be
left on all day to find the way through town." A Democrat
is asked if he would not rather have them by themselves
than mixed with the whites, and on this appeal several have
signed the petition. On the other hand, it is argued that
there is no employment here for any more (XXX), and no danger
of them coming. (42)

Sometimes it seemed the writer was not aware of his/her racism. In a report on the newly opened school for blacks, an editorial in the ''Dubuque Herald'' remarked that the seventeen "scholars" came in "all sizes, ages, and shades of complexion, straight hair, curly hair and wool. They are quiet and orderly with a determination to learn something if they only get a chance." (43)

On September 12, 1867, 12-year-old Susan Clark was denied admission to Muscatine's Second Ward Common School Number 2 because she was black. Her father, Alexander Clark, filed a lawsuit to allow admission of his daughter to the public schools. In 1868, the Iowa Supreme Court held that "separate" was not "equal" and ordered Susan Clark, an African-American, admitted to the public schools. This effectively integrated Iowa's schools ninety-six years before the federal court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education in Topeka, did the same thing on a national scale. (44)

It would be expected that the [[AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH]] in Dubuque would have had access to copies of '''The Christian Record'''. First published in 1854 by the Rev. J.P. Campbell, this early edition was short-lived. In 1861, under the Elisha Weaver, the New Series, Volume 1 began. Benjamin T. Tanner became editor in 1867, and was followed in that position in 1885 by the Rev. Benjamin F. Lee who served until 1892. Violence in the South was reported in factual terms. It also provided images of the black situation throughout the country. The "Information Wanted" page that continued for years included information about broken families, the enforced separations of parents, children, brothers, sisters, and all relationships created by slavery in the South. (45)

Cases of reverse discrimination also occurred if less frequently. On January 27, 1873 African Americans held a "black ball" in the [[DUBUQUE CITY HALL]]. When a white woman tried to enter the premises she was escorted out by the marshal. The ''Dubuque Herald'' stated that the ten couples present "hoed it down until daylight." (46)

Accommodations from whites for African Americans were reported. Black crew members of the "Belle of LaCrosse" walked off the boat in May, 1873 over pay that had fallen from $45.00 to $35.00. Without food or lodging, they were allowed to stay in the city court room from Saturday until Monday. The wage issue was settled, and they rejoined the boat. (47) Residents of Dubuque found in the same year that the first black had been seated as a juror on the United States District Court of Iowa. The ''Dubuque Herald'' reported that Joel J. Epps, of Fayette County, "owner of one of the finest farms in the county and rated a clear-headed man" held the honor." In the same year [[THOMPSON, Theophilus Augustus|Theophilus Augustus Thompson]], a resident of Dubuque, was recognized as the first African American chess expert and published a book '''Chess Problems: Either to Play and Mate.'''

Ridicule, however, remained the primary reason to feature stories of African Americans. "A Colored Knot," reported the instance of a black man forgetting to get a marriage license and included the derogatory comment, "Robert Glove and Hattie Delano, two of the colored aristocracy of the city..." (48) On August 24, 1873, the editors of the ''Dubuque Herald'' felt it worth the space to include the following as "news:" (49)

A gentleman of color entered a bookstore yesterday and inquired,
"Mister, got any dem ar'tings you put letter in--I forgits if
dey are inwhelupments or overalls--jist give me ten cents wuf."

Struggling against bigotry, African Americans met in the market hall on the evening of July 8, 1873. Those in attendance supported a proposal to celebrate the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies in 1834, the emancipation proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, and passage of the 13th amendment to the United States Constitution. The event was planned for August 1st and black residents of Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa were invited.

In 1875 Dubuque's African American population let it be known that they wanted to join in the celebration of the 100th birthday of Irish patriot Daniel O'Connell. The invitation was accepted by the O'Connell centennial committee and a meeting of African Americans was called. Mr. E. Blackstone reminded those in attendance it was the first time African Americans living in Dubuque had ever been asked to join any procession on anything like an equal footing with whites. It was moved and seconded to wear the O'Connell badge and carry the American flag. It was then moved and seconded that all who would join in the parade should stand. The entire audience rose to its feet. (50)

Following the example of other groups, Dubuque's African American community planned a "pic nic" (sic) at McKnight's Springs on August 2, 1875. Upon returning to the city, a grand ball was to be held. (51) A similar event was held in August 1876 to celebrate emancipation. The ''Dubuque Herald'' reported that forty-eight African American couples traveled to Specht's Ferry for a day of

dancing, croquet, quoits, athletic sports,
and singing to their hearts content. A half
dozen "genteel" young men cut an elegant
figure yesterday reeling along White Street.
They had better take pattern after their
colored brethren. (52)

Dubuque audiences in 1875 enjoyed traveling African American entertainment groups like the "Georgia Minstrels." The ''Dubuque Herald'' was also generous with its praise of a "Mr. Green, the colored hunter," who it described as "the most successful sportsman in procuring birds for the embalming taxidermy being learned by a number of our citizens." (53) As the American centennial grew closer, the ''Dubuque Herald'' even chose to criticize Clinton for only paying a "colored band" a total of $75.00 for playing on the afternoon and evening of July 4th.

In January 31, 1877 a group of white parents petitioned the school board asking that 'a separate school for colored children be maintained at some convenient locality.' (54) The ''Dubuque Herald'' staff noted that 'The Board are not so ignorant of the Iowa Supreme Court decision, but so long as the entire community were satisfied with the separate school it was unwise to disturb it.' (55) In an unusual reaction, J. D. Jennings, president of the board, wrote to his fellow board members through a newspaper article. In it he reminded them of the Iowa Supreme Court decision and declared the board's resolution in favor of a separate school null and void. (56) The all-black school was closed, and local schools became integrated.

The increased participation of the African American community in politics was seen in the presidential election of 1876. Rev. Cheek, a black minister, speaking at a Republican gathering at the Globe Hall, said that the black man should think and act for himself without intimidation or dictation from either party. He would rejoice in the election of Hayes but believed it was a compliment to the colored race that they were the arbitrators of the destinies of so great a nation. (57) African Americans were also willing to pursue their cases within the legal system. In 1876 Mr. Bell, a local barber, had the local police use a search warrant to inspect the premises of a Mr. Duccinni, an accused "umbrella wrestler." (58)

By 1877 the tone of newspaper articles appeared to have changed. In July an article referred to a picnic of many of the city's blacks north of town. In August the following appeared:

The sociable at the African M. E. church last
evening was well attended and greatly enjoyed
by those present. (59)

On September 7, 1877 the ''Dubuque Herald'' announced, without comment, that the local African American community had purchased the [[OLD STONE CHURCH]]. (60) The most progressive reform made in years locally was the incorporation on September 19, 1877 of the [[DUBUQUE CHARITY HOSPITAL]] which was available to anyone regardless of age, sex, nationality, creed or color. October 9, 1877 was an election day, and readers of the ''Dubuque Herald'' were reminded, "when a freeman regardless of color enjoys the rights of suffrage and votes for the man of his choice." (61)

A return to the tone of earlier days came in 1878. In article entitled "Dark Doings," the ''Dubuque Herald'' described what it concluded was the founding of a "darky" lodge of [[ODD FELLOWS]]. The "sousing" with cold water during the initiation was determined to be the reason "some of our colored population have turned several shades whiter." (62) The marriage of a colored man from Dubuque to a white woman of Platteville caused the Herald writers to remark, "Whither are we drifting?" (63) Whites attending services at the African American church on Locust in February 1878, according to the ''Dubuque Herald'', were "white trash." (64) "Bob Lynch, the colored barber," was apparently unusual enough to be included the information in the title to an article dealing with the naming of jurors for 1879. (65)

The concern with inter-racial dating was evident from this lengthy editorial carried in the ''Dubuque Herald'' on April 6, 1879":

Seated together in the dress circle of the Opera House, last
evening, were a young colored man and a young white woman. The
dusky descendant of some thoroughbred Ethiopian escorted his
white companion of the gentler sex both to and from the theater,
and it was observed, when the performance was over, they linked
arms when going out. The young woman was a blond, and her
flaxen hair trailed down her back in a large plait the end of
which was tied with a ribbon. She was well dressed and appeared
utterly unconscious of the contempt with which her white sisters
viewed her. The sight of that couple sitting so lovingly
together was calculated to draw down the vengeance of the gods. (66)

Irresponsible history "lessons" were also offered:

One of the causes of the negro exodus from the south (sic) is the
presence in the statute books in most of the cotton raising states
of laws making chicken and pig-stealing penitentiary offenses. As
soon as Kansas, in self-defense, enacts similar laws, an exodus
from that state will begin. (67)

Beginning in July 1880 the African Methodist Episcopal Church was appealing for financial help in building a church. Disregarding its earlier statements, the writers of the ''Dubuque Herald'' issued the following statement.

Help a Good Cause

The African Methodist Episcopal congregation have purchased a lot
at the rear of the [[LORIMIER HOUSE]] north of Julien Avenue, on
which they design erecting a church building at a cost of about
$1000. The have paid $150 for the lot. Their desire is to have a
place of worship commensurate with their means, free from mortgages
or other encumbrance, and to this end they mean to exert them-
selves and spare no effort. They are weak of themselves numerically
and financially, but they have claims for kindly consideration from
the people of Dubuque which we have full confidence will be
considered favorably in their behalf now when they are in need of
kindly encouragement. They have struggled heroically and in a manner
which challenges admiration to preserve their church organization here
in the face of much that was calculated to discourage them, and for
this they deserve credit and approval. Of themselves they cannot do
much, but with a little aid such as many of our people can well afford
to give, they can accomplish all they aim at or hope for. They will
call upon our citizens to assist them in their efforts to build their
church and it is hoped that they will meet with the realization of
their most sanguine expectations. The colored people of Dubuque ought
not to appeal in vain for a house of worship. (68)

Stories of incidents between blacks and whites in Dubuque were carried by publications outside the state. In 1882 the following story was published on page 1 of the ''Bolivar (Tennessee) Bulletin'':

There was an effort to draw the color line in the jail in Dubuque, Iowa
the other day. Two negro roustabouts had stolen $345 from a woman sick
with ague on the steamer Mary Morton and were imprisoned. Several Irish-
men in the jail gave them a welcome with chair-round and table legs, and
it required all the force in the courthouse to quell the riot. (69)

Newspaper articles of events arranged by the "colored citizens of Dubuque" appeared occasionally. On August 1, 1890 a "grand barbecue and emancipation celebration" was held in Glab's Grove. Rev. Christopher Hunt of Missouri was the orator and music was furnished by the [[DUBUQUE CORNET BAND]]. (70) The August 2, 1890 ''Herald'' reported that the event was well attended with "white people there in abundance." (71) The newspaper also reported that Charles Curtis of the [[COLORED ANTI-PROHIBITION LEAGUE]] was able to organize a local branch of the state organization with twenty-five charter members.

Dubuque hosted the state meeting of the Colored Anti-Prohibition State League on September 15, 1890 at the [[SAENGERBUND AUDITORIUM]]. It was expected that seventy-five delegates would attend. Following the report of committees and other business, a grand banquet and ball was scheduled. The League was organized in 1882 with fifteen charter members. By 1890 the organization had grown to 865 members with nine local organizations in congressional districts. (72)

The members of the League was adopted with "great applause:"

Resolved, That we, as citizens of Iowa and not as
negroes or colored people petition the members of
our next legislature to use every honorable means
to repeal that farcical law, so-called prohibition,
and we denounce the action of the fanatics in our
last legislature for not repealing that obnoxious
law that we deem an imposition upon the people of
this state. (73)

Officers of the organization were unanimously elected by acclamation: (74)

President Charles Curtis, Marion
First Vice President-J.H. Willis, Dubuque
Second Vice President-R. Brody, Cedar Rapids
Secretary-Charles B. Jones, Council Bluffs
Assistant Secretary-J W. Morgan, Dubuque
Treasurer-John Green, Sr., Dubuque

Under the title "Sable Sons of Senegambia," a reporter in August 1891 reported on the Emancipation Day celebration. While reporting that a large number of African Americans attended, the reporter recounted that "while it was a colored picnic, the white trash were out in force outnumbering their colored brethren two to one." The reporter went on to write "among the dusky damsels whose attractiveness brought them special attention were Mrs. ___ and her daughter. Many others whose handsome faces, forms or costumes merited special attention were too modest to give their names to the society reporter." (75)

In November 1893, an all-black play, "Among the Breakers," was performed by members of the African American community in Dubuque. A drama critic of the ''Dubuque Herald'' commented:

Miss Lulu Green,s Bessie Starbright, made a hit
as the heroine. Joe Norris, as the lighthouse keeper,
was right at home although it must be confessed we
prefer Joe dressed up in a swallow tail coat, with
white tie and patent leather shoes, doing duty in the
vestibule of one of the swell residences when a reception
is in progress. (76)

In 1894 without further comment the ''Iowa State Bystander'' stated that there would be no Negro Democratic Club in Dubuque that year. (77) The same year [[BOLDT, Gustav|Gustav BOLDT]] was able to assemble enough African Americans to provide, according to the ''Dubuque Herald'' a "coterie of colored waiters" to attended to the needs of the guests at a wedding held in Guttenberg. (78) The same year the ''Dubuque Daily Herald'' announced that the "colored U. P. V." met April 24 to establish an organization for their mutual protection and advancement. (79) Emancipation Day was an important holiday for African Americans in 1894, but internal disputes led to separation. The Baptists celebrated at [[RHOMBERG PARK]] while the Methodists held their celebration at an unmentioned location. (80) The African Methodist Episcopal Church closed in August due to lack of financial support. The reverend had received only $100 in donations since the start of the year. (81)

In September 1896 "Dude" Christopher organized and drilled the colored men's sound money club in the [[LORIMIER HOUSE]]. The group was scheduled to participate in the local sound money parade. A sound money Republican bicycle club was organized with an estimated thirty members. The bicyclists paraded for sound money while the "colored voters" marched in military fashion. (82)

The school board in 1905 was faced with a request to have the only African American girl removed from the high school. The request was made by the girl's parents soon after they had moved to Dubuque from Texas. The board stood firm, and the white girl left the school. (83)

Race relations remained strained as the twentieth century began. In 1906 a football team from Savannah, Georgia consisting of fifteen and one black player visited Dubuque. Staying in a local hotel, the manager refused to seat the black in the main dining hall. He was able, according to the management, to order off the menu and be served upstairs in his room. While the players accepted the idea, the teachers refused and the they all left to find another restaurant. On the other hand, readers of the ''Dubuque Telegraph-Herald'' were treated to the stories of entertainment career of [[HOWARD, Curry|Curry HOWARD]].

[[Image:amcalendar.png|left|thumb|250px|1908 calendar with what appears to be a controversial subject--the lady of the house playing cards with a servant in the servant's quarters]]In 1907 the all-black seven member Dixie Jubilee Singers, were invited to perform at [[ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE]]. College organizers tried to make housing arrangements in advance, but all except two hotel managers refused to accept the singers as guests. The group was eventually fed and housed on the college campus.

In 1911 Iowa Governor Carroll appointed the Iowa delegates to the National Negro Educational Congress in Denver, Colorado. Among those names submitted were John C. Wells, an employee of the [[UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY]] and Wiley Johnson, who worked at [[PITZEN'S SHAVING PARLOR]]. (84)

Athletic ability among African Americans in Dubuque was recognized nationally as early in 1918. In an article mentioning outstanding African Americans in sports, [[BUTLER, Edward Solomon "Sol"|Edward Solomon "Sol" BUTLER]] was expected to show great ability during his college career. In 1933 [[GIBBS, Theatrece|Theatrece GIBBS]], as far as can be determined, was the first African American to captain a high school football team in the United States.

Until [[WORLD WAR I]], African Americans were hired in low-status and low-paying jobs across the United States and in Dubuque. Black workers were seen as potential unskilled cheap labors who could and were used by employers to keep wages low and as strikebreakers.

With the participation of the United States in World War I, reports of African American servicemen were included in the ''Telegraph Herald''. While blacks and whites were trained at the same camps, they were trained separately. It was reported that their record as soldiers was "unexcelled" although they did not serve with white soldiers. In 1917 black soldiers were commanded by white officers, but it was expected that this would change due to a training facility for black officers being established in Des Moines, Iowa. Rules, regulations and restrictions were said to be the same for all troops.

Dubuque had a history of [[COLORED BASEBALL]]. The term was used in 1916 to refer to the much anticipated baseball game between the Chicago Leland Giants and the "Black Cats" of Dubuque. The writer of the newspaper column claimed the "smokes" were making a trip through the area and would probably appear on either June 27th or 28th.

Organized labor made its appearance in Iowa during the last decade of the 19th century. Until the 1930s, the Iowa State Federation of Labor, an affiliate of the American Federation of Labor, was the legal representative of organized labor in Iowa and Dubuque. A survey of the Federation's annual proceedings from 1895, when the first convention was held, until the end of [[WORLD WAR II]] shows no reference to black workers or their rights. The only statement supporting "equity to all men regardless of class, race, creed or color" was made in 1930 in support of a white labor leader in California.

The black population in Dubuque by 1920 had dropped to 75. The first cross-burnings of the [[KU KLUX KLAN]] began in 1923. A huge gathering of Klan members was held off Peru Road in 1925. In 1926 the Klan marched through Dubuque and held another huge Konklave, a mass meeting of their membership, off Peru Road.

Award-winning columnist [[THIMMESCH, Nicholas|Nicholas THIMMESCH]] recounted his days as a groundskeeper around 1940 at the Dubuque baseball field:

Vagrant blacks were advised to get out of town by sundown as
they were in many habitats around the farmland...Many Dubuque
eateries and saloons, especially the second-rate ones, had signs
in the windows,"We Do Not Cater To Colored Trade. (85)

Anti-discrimination feelings were expressed. Thimmesch remembered teams wanting information about where they could order take-out food. When asked, he jumped in the bus with them and they visited [[CONEY ISLAND]] where the father of Jim Kerrigan served them at the counter where "white jaws of customers dropped" as the players' food orders were taken and served. (86)

[[Image:pag6.JPG|left|thumb|350px|African-American children on a float used in the Under Five Flags Pageant in 1938. Photo courtesy: Timothy Ahlgrim]] Prior to [[WORLD WAR II]], African Americans in Dubuque suffered from a lack of representation. Although there had been communication with the [[NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (N.A.A.C.P.)]], the organization's nearest branch was in Waterloo. Public accommodations remained a problem even for the nationally known Duke Ellington Band which was denied a place to stay in the 1930s. For individual cases, a late-night call from the Police Department might be made to a black family asking if they would take in someone turned away from the hotels.

In the winter of 1944-1945, the U.S. suffered 100,000 casualties after the Battle of the Bulge. The resulting severe shortage of infantry replacements led to commanders being ordered to integrate black volunteers into any unit that needed them. General Dwight Eisenhower resisted the order but formed black volunteer platoons that could be attached to combat units. The integration of these men proved their competence and capability to fight alongside any man in combat. (87)

Becoming a pilot or engaging in combat was a unique opportunity. African Americans were marginalized and often assigned to support roles. African American quartermaster soldiers proved their value as logisticians. The Red Ball Express, a 1944 logistics mission, required traveling a 700-mile supply route to haul supplies from Normandy to Paris. At its peak of operations, the fleet carried 12,000 tons of ammunition, food, and fuel to "the front" daily. The route was 54 hours round-trip, dangerous and difficult. Col. John S.D. Eisenhower stated that, "the advance through France was due in as great a measure to the men who drove the Red Ball trucks as to those who drove the tanks…" (88)

A month after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on January 31, 1942, an African American resident of Wichita, Kansas, Mr. James G. Thompson, wrote a letter to ''The Pittsburgh Courier'', one of the nation’s leading African American newspapers, suggesting “that while we keep defense and victory in the forefront that we don’t lose sight of our fight for true democracy at home.” (89)

The Double V logo was designed by Wilbert L. Holloway, a ''Pittsburgh Courier'' staff artist in 1942. The logo, playing upon the V for victory campaign during the war was aimed at promoting victory in the war ... and racial equality at home. African American newspapers across the United States quickly endorsed the campaign and it became a nationwide phenomenon. Lapel pins, stickers, songs and posters promoting the Double V became popular emblems of support. (90)

[[File:doublev.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Logo]]By the summer of 1942, more than 200,000 individuals paid a nickel each to join Double V clubs. The clubs held rallies and marches to promote the contributions of African Americans in military service and draw attention to discrimination. The ''Pittsburgh Courier'' management saw the paper's circulation soar from 200,000 weekly readers to over 2 million by the end of the war.

Even as the movement gained public support, the federal government had a different reaction to the campaign's success. African American newspapers were banned from the libraries of the U. S. military and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) sought to charge American publishers for treason.

The reaction of the federal government to American publishers mirrored their reaction to African American sailors who went on strike at Port Chicago on the southern banks of Suisun Bay, northeast of San Francisco Bay. African Americans who volunteered for the Navy were given jobs loading ammunition aboard ships without being trained in the loading equipment. Increasing the danger was the fact that two ships were often docked side by side while sailors were forced to race to see which ship could be loaded quicker. On July 17, 1944, an explosion rocked San Francisco Bay after an accident occurred at the naval yard. The disaster killed 320 sailors and civilians. (91) One month later, fifty African American sailors on strike protesting the lack of any new safety procedures were found guilty of treason and sentenced to up to eighteen years in prison. News of the conviction and the government's campaign against the Double V program would have necessarily made its way to Dubuque through African American publications printed in the state.

In the 1950s James Sutton worked on railroad maintenance gangs out of Chicago when he first saw how blacks were "welcomed" to Dubuque. As trains arrived, he recalled, police officers greeted disembarking black passengers and “told them to get back on the train.” The technique worked, giving the city an ugly reputation among blacks. In the words of the ''Des Moines Register'', Iowa’s largest newspaper, Dubuque had become “the Selma of the North.” (92)

The growth of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in Iowa and post-World War II political support of African Americans slowly forced the Iowa State Federation of Labor (ISFL) to change. In 1950 a resolution was adopted that considered "any group of individuals, or organizations, which creates, or fosters racial, religious, or class strife among our people to be un-American, a menace to our liberties, and destructive of our fundamental law." The CIO brought to Dubuque the question of racial equality at work and the need to pass the Fair Employment Practices Law. The organization strongly supported the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 while condemning the slow pace of progress in human relations everywhere in Iowa.

In 1956 the CIO and ISFL merged with the American Federation of Labor. In their first decade of merger, the organization passed many resolutions dealing with human rights, racial discrimination, and immigrant laborers' legal rights. The organization's actions on racial equality and protection of human rights lagged from 1968 to 1994 when issues of unemployment, plant closings, and low wages took more attention.

Only a few black families lived in Dubuque during the 1940s and 1950s. Active recruitment of blacks by major industries in Dubuque did not occur until the mid-1970s. Among major employers moving to Dubuque was the [[JOHN DEERE DUBUQUE WORKS]] which came to the city in 1946. When a cluster of small brick homes known as "John Deere houses" was constructed on the far west side of Dubuque in the [[HILLCREST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT]], these carried the not-unusual-for-their-time restrictive covenants in their abstracts that the premises would not be sold to blacks. Research by Dubuque's Black Heritage Survey, led by Christine Happ Olson, found in 2022 that these clauses were implemented between 1934 and 1946. (93) Nonetheless, Deere and Company did attract black employment.

Efforts to encourage [[INTEGRATION]] and racial understanding were tried in the 1960s. In 1961 [[OPERATION FRIENDSHIP]] was begun. In 1962 ten white students from the [[UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE]] exchanged places for a week with ten black students of Johnson C. Smith College in Charlotte, North Carolina. They were accompanied by Dr. John Knox Coit of the University of Dubuque, a professor of philosophy, who traded places with a professor from the southern college. (94)

In March 1969, Black Student Union members charged [[LORAS COLLEGE]] with institutional racism. Among their demands were the removal of the basketball coach and the introduction of African American studies. In May 1969, a Holy Day Mass was disrupted by protesters in support of the Black Student Union. Demands escalated into threats to begin an anti-recruitment drive to convince African Americans not to attend the college.

Rev. Eugene Kutsch had served as the dean of men at Loras since 1956. In 1968 he was approached by fifteen African Americans students belonging to the Black Student Union, a black power organization, with their request to live on the fourth floor of the student dorms. There were also thirty-five white students who were there by choice. Some belonged to the Students for Reconciliation, a peace group. (95) His approval of their request was based on his belief that it was important for them to learn to be proud of their color. This action, however, led to him being fired. A faculty spokesman acknowledged in an article published on July 13, 1969 that "the replacement of Father Kutsch by the administration was not a question of academic or intellectual freedom." An estimated sixty Loras College faculty later that month signed a letter criticizing the college administration for their decision. (96)

In 2015 one of the students helped by Father Kutsch, Greg Rhodes, presented him a plaque honoring him for his efforts at Loras and fairness to students regardless of their race. In the fall of 2020, the Loras Class of 1969 and others planned to unveil a bust of Kutsch honoring him and his work.

Concern about issues facing the city led to the activism of [[DUBUQUE AREA CITIZEN'S COUNCIL ON COMMUNITY RELATIONS (DACCCR)]] beginning in 1968.

In November, 1969 with an off-campus African American cultural center a primary demand, angry students barricaded themselves inside Henion Hall on the Loras campus. When students involved in the protest were expelled, an estimated one hundred protesters from across the Midwest converged on Dubuque. Seven hours of negotiations led to the students being readmitted to the college under probation. On November 18, 1969, the student body voted "no confidence" in the administration.

Efforts to calm the tense racial atmosphere in Dubuque led the Iowa Civil Rights Commission on December 28, 1969, to investigate charges that African American students had been beaten and were carrying weapons in self-defense. In 1970 [[BACHMAN, Dwight|Dwight BACHMAN]] became Dubuque's first civil rights director.

Racial strife in the 1970s included the resignation of the president of the [[UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE]] after he announced plans to establish a "Culture Center" for African American students on campus. [[CHALMERS, William G.|William G. CHALMERS]] stated that racist attitudes among some members of the college administration, students, and community had "built to crisis proportions."

Black residents of Dubuque suffered along with the rest of the city during the economic crisis from 1970-1983. By 1983 of the twenty blacks once employed by Deere and Company in Dubuque, only five were still there. In many instances, blacks hired through Affirmative Action in the 1970s lacked seniority and were laid off in the 1980s. Other African Americans asked to be transferred to cities with higher black populations.

African American students attending the [[UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE]] in 1973 were angered by the suspension of A. J. Stovall, a student accused of assaulting a university official during an argument over a check. African American students demonstrated by blocking the passage to some classes. Stovall was reinstated after a hearing board determined that the administration had violated his due process.

In December 1982, an estimated two hundred fifty protesters marched through Dubuque demanding that city officials work harder to guarantee equal rights. The protest was a response to several incidents. A cross had been burned on the lawn of an African American family and alleged discrimination occurred at the [[DUBUQUE PACKING COMPANY]] against Asians, older workers, and African Americans.

In 1983 [[BANDA, Pierre|Pierre BANDA]], a citizen of Malawi, was elected president of the Loras College senate. The same year tensions rose over the appointment of [[DUFFY, Clarence W. "Rainbow"|Clarence W. "Rainbow" DUFFY]], associated with the [[LITTLE DUBLIN NEWS]], to the Human Rights Commission.

An announcement was made in December 1989 of plans to establish the 2,00lst chapter of the [[NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (N.A.A.C.P.)]] in Dubuque. Ralph Watkins, University of Dubuque minority counselor, was the interim president. As one of its first activities, the group sponsored a Martin Luther King essay contest in the area schools. The group found support and guidance from many local residents including [[SUTTON, Ruby|Ruby SUTTON]], [[O'NEAL, Hazel|Hazel O'NEAL]], [[WEITZ, Gail|Gail WEITZ]], and [[BEEKIE, Brian Raj|Brian BEEKIE]].

On October 23, 1989 Raymond and Cynthia Sanders found a charred cross in their garage. An inscription read, "KKK lives." The Sanders had been involved in establishing the local chapter of the NAACP. Mayor [[BRADY, James|James BRADY]] stated that this action was caused by a lack of racial diversity. (97)

In 1989 the Constructive Integration Task Force, composed of leaders from business, religion, education, and cultural activities submitted a plan to begin integrating Dubuque. Entitled "We Want to Change," the goal was to bring one hundred minority families to Dubuque by 1995. (98) At the time, there were a little more than 300 African Americans living in Dubuque, a city with a population of more than 58,000. The plan stated that it was not written to replace competent workers already in a position with "a person of color."

It is not the preferential employment of incompetent
candidates or applicants of inferior quality, but it
is the aggressive recruitment and employment of highly
and productive applicants of color for new positions or
for openings in existing positions. This way we will be
alleviating the unnecessary fear of employees that they
will lose their present jobs to people of color.

The city's Human Rights Commission signed on, the City Council endorsed it 6-1, major employers lent support, and local colleges offered free master's degrees to minority teachers who would relocate.

Reaction to the task force was strong. Unemployment at the time was 10 percent, the highest in the state. More than 4,000 union workers were furloughed at the [[JOHN DEERE DUBUQUE WORKS]]. Debate developed over whether there was too much emphasis on filling a quota. The nine-page integration plan was revised and consolidated to a one-page mission statement in which the objectives were stated as promotion and enhancement of cultural diversity.

Despite the fact that the city modified the proposal so that no public monies were required, the issue of encouraging minority population growth in Dubuque led to violence. On October 24, 1991 threatening racial messages were painted on the walls and doors of [[CENTRAL ALTERNATIVE HIGH SCHOOL]]. Cross-burnings resumed. On November 12, 1991 the eighth cross burning since July occurred across the street from 2239 Central, and a brick was thrown through the window. Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) were already in town after five burned crosses were found on White Street. Uniformed police officers stood guard at [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] after racial fights broke out.

Dubuque's racial problems attracted a national audience. An appearance on November 6, 1991 on "Donahue," a national television program, was made by Dubuque residents including Dr. [[GREER, Jerome|Jerome GREER]]. Governor Terry Branstad stated his plans to attend an ecumenical Thanksgiving service in the city. L. Douglas Wilder, governor of Virginia, came to local church services with a victim of vandalism. When Rev. Thomas Robb, national director of the Ku Klux Klan, arrived in Dubuque on November 30, 1991 and staged a demonstration in front of the [[DUBUQUE CITY HALL]] while a counter-demonstration in [[WASHINGTON PARK]] was arranged by the NAACP. Members of the Guardian Angels arrived in Dubuque from New York City to support diversity. They spoke to sixth grade students at [[HOOVER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] and supported civil rights efforts underway in the community. (99)

In January 1992 The Nationalist Movement based in Learned, Mississippi petitioned the city for a parade permit as part of its fourth annual Majority Rights Freedom Parade and Rally. The objective was to protest the Martin Luther King, Jr. federal holiday and the city's plan to recruit one hundred minority families. As a prerequisite to receiving the permit, the city had asked the leader of the rally to sign an indemnity agreement holding the city not responsible for any injuries or other incidents during the rally. The permit was eventually granted and the march occurred on January 18th. (100)

In February the city and TCI Cablevision of Dubuque were threatened by a lawsuit because they resisted the organization's attempts to broadcast its own television program in Dubuque because the program was not produced locally. Richard Barrett, head of the Nationalist Movement, claimed the program, "Airlink," was mainly financed by money won in court decisions against those who tried to "violate our First Amendment rights." (101)

Attempts to recruit minority teachers to Dubuque public schools brought the district together with the private colleges in 1992 in the Minority Teacher Corps program. Through this cooperative project, any black, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American teacher in the district could apply to earn a free master's degree from the Dubuque Tri-College Department of Education. Half of the cost of the degree would be waived once they were given a graduate assistant-ship at one of the three colleges. The other half of the tuition would be paid through the district's Phase III professional development program. The student could only apply for this reimbursement if their graduate program related to teaching. The teacher would take most of the course work during the summer and complete the degree in three years. (102)

Concerned citizens formed a number of groups to promote racial justice. [[CHURCHILL, Tom|Tom CHURCHILL]] and Rita Daniels-Churchill organized a group called Dubuque Citizens United for Respect and Equality [[CURE]]. In 1992 a number of concerned private citizens created the Dubuque Council for Diversity which replaced the Constructive Integration Task Force. In February during Black History Month, the [[UNIVERSITY OF DUBUQUE]] sponsored a panel discussion organized by the University of Dubuque's Black Presidium. One of the speakers encouraged black students to become more active in the community to dispel stereotypes. (103) In July, Karmen Hall Miller was named the Dubuque Council for Diversity's first executive director. Concern about racial tension led the leaders of the Dubuque Federation of Labor to ask the Labor Center, a non-profit educational organization affiliated with the University of Iowa, to conduct a workshop on racism and bigotry for its members.

Behind the scenes, federal investigators and local police were reviewing past incidents and charging offenders. In 1988 a former Dubuque resident burned a cross on April Fool's Day. The incident was listed in the middle of a list of crimes by the ''Telegraph Herald''. The police investigated and called it a prank. In 1992 the federal investigators found the person who had burned the cross four years earlier. In October 1992, this person faced ten years in a federal prison and/or a $250,000 fine after admitting to a federal grand jury that he had intended to intimidate blacks from using [[COMISKEY PARK]]. A second Dubuque resident was sentenced to two-years in federal prison on another incident. In October 1992 nine cases had been taken to court, but six cross-burning cases remained to be solved along with racist graffiti at [[FLORA PARK]] and near a statue in [[JACKSON PARK]].

On January 13, 1993 a scuffle outside [[OLD SHANG (THE)]] triggered a break in the black community just before the celebration of the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King. In previous weeks, complaints of drug use and prostitution had been made about the area surrounding the bar. On the early morning of the 13th the scuffle resulted in the arrest of five young black men. On January 15th, [[MOSS, Ernestine|Ernestine MOSS]], president of the local chapter of the N.A.A.C.P., established a task force to investigate charges of police harassment of black citizens. (104) Chief of Police [[MAUSS, John J.|John J. MAUSS]] said he would cooperate. On the day of the arrests, a small group of blacks staged brief protests at the courthouse and Dubuque Law Enforcement Center.

When the local chapter of the N.A.A.C.P. celebrated King's birthday and marched down Locust Street carrying a sign proclaiming,"The dream lives on through the Dubuque chapter of the NAACP," about a dozen young blacks boycotted the activity. Standing on street corners near [[ST. MARK COMMUNITY CENTER]], they held signs advertising another birthday celebration the following day. Spokespersons for this group said the local NAACP had "sold out to the police." (105)

Curtis Cheers, of the protesting group, invited Ernestine Moss and Ruth Anderson, NAACP Iowa-Nebraska Conference president of the NAACP, to the second celebration. Both attended. There was no mention of the difficulties between the protestors and the local NAACP chapter. (106)

The reaction to the task force press conference on January 19th was generally one of criticism. Specific people, such as the young blacks who said they were mistreated in the Old Shang incident, were not contacted nor were those who might have been witnesses. This was despite the fact that the investigation had been opened to anyone who knew of cases of police harassment in Dubuque. Tom Churchill, president of CURE, noted,..."it's plain to see why people don't think the local NAACP is effective." Curtis Cheers remarked that the NAACP's response was "a good statement, but I feel it's a late statement. They should have said all this last week." (107)

On January 26, 1993 the local chapter of the N.A.A.C.P. met with Ina Boon, a regional director for the N.A.A.C.P.. and young blacks who told of police harassment, landlord problems, and frustrations in dealing with city officials. Several times Ms. Boon repeated the statement,"Racism is riding high in Dubuque." She sided with the blacks who complained and stated they were not "part of the criminal element." At the end of the meeting, the local chapter promised to be more effective in making quicker responses to charges of racism and establishing an outreach to the Dubuque area minority youth. (108) Boon's description of the youth involved in the Old Shang incident as "not being a criminal element" was challenged, in some cases, by Dubuque District and Associate Court records. (109)

On February 4, 1993 Police Chief Mauss cleared the department of any wrongdoing in the Old Shang incident and even commended the officers involved. The internal investigation involved reviewing radio transmissions from the scene and the reports of the seven officers, two supervisors, a shift commander and three sheriff's deputies. Eight civilian witnesses were interviewed. Ruth Anderson immediately responded in a statement prepared by CURE, "They've got their minds made up and are going to say what they believe, irrespective of what the facts are." William Whitcomb, conciliation specialist with the U. S. Department of Justice, was expected to meet with several people in Dubuque including Mauss, Dubuque County attorney's office staff, local officials of the N.A.A.C.P., and the city manager. (110)

The local N.A.A.C.P. continued to be split with dissension. Ernestine Moss stated that Tom Churchill had no right to speak for the organization. He had resigned his earlier membership in the group, had never served on any committee, and had only returned to actively attending meetings for a few months. Churchill replied that someone had to speak for the N.A.A.C.P. because Moss wasn't. "If she isn't saying what I've been saying then she's out of step with the N.A.A.C.P." (111)

Ruth Anderson, regional president of the N.A.A.C.P., entered the debate squarely against Moss. Accusing the local leaders of needing to learn how to run a branch of the national organization, Anderson claimed if Moss had a copy of the "white book," administrative procedures required of all branches, she was not using it. Anderson claimed that the local branch had not, to her knowledge, adopted a set of bylaws and sent them to the national. She further claimed that most of the chapter's committees had only one member appointed by the president. She went on to state that Churchill had followed proper procedures by requesting in writing participation in the legal redress, political action and media committees. Under national bylaws, the local president could not prevent any member from participating on a committee. She informed both Moss and Churchill she did not want to be placed in the center of a power struggle for control of the local. (112)

Despite her statement, Anderson wrote a letter in February to William Penn, N.A.A.C.P. director of branches, and sent a petition requesting "Section 10" action--suspension of all Dubuque local officers and committee chairpersons. She claimed the local leaders, especially Ernestine Moss were "among the least effective she's ever seen," charged the branch "discredited" young blacks who sought help filing a complaint about police harassment and brutality, and pressured those who signed a petition for a new election to recant. (113) On March 10, 1993 regional N.A.A.C.P. leader Ina Boon, had not been given formal notice of any action by the national, but Tom Churchill and Ruth Anderson announced that the December election of local N.A.A.C.P. officials would be suspended and a new election called. Present officers could be replaced or re-elected. Ernestine Moss replied that she had not been informed of any action. (114)

Sylvester Grady, the immediate past president of the Iowa-Nebraska State Conference of Branches of the N.A.A.C.P., and Tom Churchill held a meeting on March 14, 1993 billed as a chance for Grady to explain N.A.A.C.P. organization. Grady spent most of the meeting describing the local chapter as "a divided mess" until he was interrupted by Robert Day. Day informed Grady that the branch had just completed a memorandum of understanding with the police department.

"We could not have done that if we weren't together.
You (Grady) have been misinformed, sir, and you've
been used." (115)

After the meeting, members expressed their support of Moss.

On March 15, 1993 Tom Churchill and [[O'ROURKE, Karen|Karen O'ROURKE]] held a press conference to discuss the Memorandum of Understanding that established an advisory panel to hear complaints about the [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]. O'Rourke called for Ernestine Moss to resign as branch president of the N.A.A.C.P.,"if she really cared about the (organization). Churchill also announced, without Moss' participation, his organization of a Dubuque youth N.A.A.C.P. youth branch and criticized her for not having had one established. Moss rejected the call for her to resign, received a 43-0 resolution of support from the membership of the local branch, and pointed out the Youth Tree program for youth developed with the YW-YMCA. (116)

In June 1993 members of the Iowa Advisory Committee to the Civil Rights Commission presented their report entitled, "A Time to Heal Race Relations in Dubuque, Iowa." Issued just over a year after committee members heard from 33 people who testified about racism in the city, the report concluded that better communications were needed. It also stated that a wide segment of the community was needed to address problems that surface during hard economic times. Both the Dubuque Human Rights Commission and the Dubuque Council for Diversity were thought to have much of the responsibility for problem-solving. The report concluded that many of the racism problems happened because of poor communication about the Constructive Integration Plan. "Racism demagogues took advantage of the situation," according to one of the committee members. (117)

Jack Hanson, press chairman of the Dubuque N.A.A.C.P., announced in June, 1993 that the Dubuque branch was one of thirty-six nationwide to receive the Thalheimer Award. President Ernestine Moss would be accepting the award on behalf of the local branch at the July 15, 1993 Fight for Freedom Fund dinner at the NAACP's national convention in Indianapolis. A spokesperson for the national organization said the award was given to branches for outstanding activities and organizational standards. Among the activities cited were the local's negotiation of a memorandum of understanding with the city and its police department and the establishment of a task force to investigate complaints of police harassment of minorities. (118) It was later announced that the local branch would also receive the Freedom Fund Award for its fund-raising contributions to the national organization. (119)

News that the N.A.A.C.P had ordered a new election of officers for the Dubuque branch was not announced until July 7, 1993. Elections procedure issues leading to the new elections included the appointment rather than the election of nominating committee members, not accepting nominations from the floor for elections (which Moss denied), and three instead of twelve to twenty-four at-large members on the executive committee. (120) On July 26, 1993 it was announced that the national organization had chosen to appoint an outside administrator to operate the Dubuque branch because of internal difficulties. (121)

Efforts to improve racial harmony continued. In 1994 the Dubuque Community Advisory Panel was established to deal with the review of discrimination or civil rights complaints against the Dubuque Police Department. The Panel, headed by [[HARRMANN, Terry|Terry HARRMANN]], was formed in response to complaints of the local chapter of the NAACP that police officers were harassing black men. Through the efforts of Ruby Sutton and other community leaders, the Dubuque Council for Diversity was created to draw up plans for education, mediation services, and partnerships with national diversity organizations. There was also to be training and the establishment of a data bank for employers seeking minority employees. The [[DUBUQUE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT]] developed its own multicultural and non-sexist plan administered by [[DETERMAN, Thomas|Thomas DETERMAN]].

According to the 2001 State of Black Iowa Report, the "black church remains the most powerful, respected, and revered institution in the black community. It represented a "preponderance" of black capital and financial holdings. According to Rev. Robert "J.J. Kimble of Dubuque,

The church was the political voice, the educational support, and
the family encourager. Because of tremendous needs in the community,
the black church is forced to live out the social gospel--to feed
the hungry and heal the sick and offer clothing and shelter. (122)

Social service organizations experienced dramatic growth in black clientele between 2000 and 2002. [[OPERATION NEW VIEW]] officials saw nearly a 75% grow in its participants with many coming in for heating assistance. That program, originally called Low-Income Home Energy Assistance helped 3,587 households with heating costs between October 2001 and March 2002 including 109 black households. The [[DUBUQUE VISITING NURSE ASSOCIATION]] saw an estimated 30% of the 2,000 child health service requests from black families. On any given day as many as 60% of the children using the [[DUBUQUE BOYS/GIRLS CLUB]] were African American. Four Oaks-Cornerstone saw its number of black clients remain steady. African Americans made up 11% of the adults and 24% of the children in its services. Another agency with a steady number of clients was [[HILLCREST FAMILY SERVICES]] which administered the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) nutritional program. In 2001 Hillcrest served 88 black families with 76 in 2002. Black families in 2002 were not showing a great deal of interest in the St. Mark Community Center's after-school program which had mostly Hispanic children enrolled. (123)

In 2013 officials of the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development charged that the city of Dubuque discriminated against African-Americans in the administration of its Section 8 rental assistance program. HUD's report claimed that city officials made policy changes starting in 2007 that gave white applicants preference over blacks, at a time when the public was concerned about an "influx" of minorities moving to the predominantly white city. The city had also added a "residency preference point system" that put those who applied who were living in predominantly African-American areas behind other races. (124)

When racial tensions erupted in 2009, the report said, and city officials took even more aggressive steps to favor whites over blacks in awarding vouchers. The city reduced the number of vouchers from 1,076 to 900, eliminated a preference for very low-income residents and emptied its waiting list of hundreds of applicants. The changes had the impact of favoring applicants from Dubuque or elsewhere in Iowa, which is 91 percent white, while denying benefits to blacks from Chicago, who had been among the most frequent applicants.

City officials claimed the changes were to answer funding concerns about the program and to improve its administration. The review, however, said it found no evidence to back up those claims, and that the policies "were designed to change the racial composition of the Section 8 waiting list and program admissions." The black population in Dubuque more than tripled from 2000 to 2010 was equal to four percent of the population.

Officials of the City knew the numbers of persons
applying to the program from outside of Iowa were
from Chicago, and were disproportionately African
American, and took the foregoing actions with the
intent to limit the ability of these applicants to
participate in the program so as to address City
residents' discriminatory perceptions on crime and
race."

On April 13, 2016 two "crudely constructed" crosses were discovered that had appeared to be burned. This was a very unwelcome reminder of the period from 1988 to 1993 when at least fourteen cross burnings were reported in the city. City officials and community leaders were quick in condemning the action as police and F. B. I. agents continued their investigation. (125)

[[Image:image126.png|left|thumb|550px|Photo courtesy: Telegraph Herald]]On April 17, 2016 an estimated two hundred citizens gathered at the site of the cross-burnings at 22nd and Washington to promote peace of reconciliation. (126)

In the early 1990s, Dubuque had an estimated 330 black residents, but in the decade from 2000 to 2010, African-Americans surged by more than 200 percent. In 2016 are were more than 2,300 blacks in Dubuque, according to the latest Census data, representing 5 percent of residents. More than half lived in poverty and heir unemployment rate (16.9 percent) was three times higher than that of whites (5.5 percent). (127)

Arrests of black males in Dubuque declined in recent years, but blacks in 2016 made up 23 percent of arrests in a five-year span from 2009 to 2013. Police Chief Dalsing studied arrests in 2013 and found that 66 percent were initiated by calls from citizens, not by the officers themselves. He acknowledged that crime was concentrated on the city's east side, patrolled by a predominantly white police force (three black and three Hispanic officers among more than 100). (128)

On June 19, 2017 area residents celebrated Juneteenth. The celebration dated from June 19, 1865 when Major General Gordon Granger and his Union soldiers spread the news that slaves were free. This was two years after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. In Dubuque, the eighth annual celebration organized by the [[MULTICULTURAL FAMILY CENTER]] was held at Comiskey Park. Offering games and a new event--a talent show--, the event, according to organizers offered an opportunity to build community around recognition of the progress made in civil rights. (129)

In March 2019, city council members reviewed the results of the 2018 Community Perceptions Survey, the second conducted by Loras College's Public Opinion Survey Center in conjunction with the Great Dubuque Development Corporation. Among the findings was that 79% of the respondents felt Dubuque was a food place to live and 75% felt Dubuque was "on the right track." Respondents overwhelmingly (96%) felt safe in their own neighborhoods, but only 51% felt safe downtown despite decreasing crime and shots fired statistics. Of the black respondents, 62% felt that race relations was the biggest challenge for Dubuque with 56% believing the community had no been responsible to race relations issues. Among all respondents, 70% agreed that diversity was beneficial to the community. Median household income results found that white residents in 2017 earned $52,346 while the median income for black residents was $14,818. It appeared from the survey that our work had to be done to make sure minority populations were aware of programs meant to assist them. (130)

In June, 2019 despite a strong economy, black residents continued to have above-average rates of unemployment. This was a conclusion of a report entitled "Building a Lattice to Success, Workforce Inclusion and Community Co-Creation in Dubuque, Iowa" completed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduates working in conjunction with the [[COMMUNITY FOUNDATION OF GREATER DUBUQUE]]. Researchers stated their "amazement" by the number of programs existing to help people in need, but that the system appeared quite complex which could lead to difficulty for those wishing to use it." They concluded that there needed to be opportunities for "transitional employment" which could build work experience and that local community and business leaders seemed genuinely interested and committed to diversity and equity. Home ownership in Dubuque was 67% for whites, a slight increase since 2017. Black home ownership, however, fell to 8%, down from 10% for the same period. (131) In 2020 the latest census figures suggested that while accounting for about 4% of Dubuque's population, an estimated 60% African Americans living in the city lived in poverty. (132)

Amid the chaos of the [[PANDEMIC]] that spread across the United States in early 2020, the killing of George Floyd on May 25th by a Minneapolis, Minnesota police officer sparked protest and riots across the United States in May and early June. On June 9th members of the Dubuque Human Rights Commission praised local protesters, advocated for police policy reforms and focused on the need for continued conversations on race. Anthony Allen, president of the Dubuque branch of the N.A.A.C.P. and the chairman of the commission was encouraged by the number of participants, especially the young, he had not seen before. (133)

Commission members had previously been presented with a multi-point proposal supported by multiple Iowa lawmakers aimed at preventing violent conflicts between law enforcement and Iowa residents. As part of the plan, county attorneys and the state attorney general would have the power to investigate police misconduct. Legislation would also prohibit police departments from rehiring officers who had been fired or who had resigned while being investigated for serious misconduct or excessive use of force. The plan would ban police choke holds or other neck restraints unless a person posed an imminent threat of death or injury to the officer. The contents of the plan were supported by Dubuque Police Chief Mark Dalsing. (134)

[[File:solidarity.png|450px|thumb|right|Solidarity Mural]]
In response to the racial equality protests across the United States in the spring of 2020, the “SOLIDARITY” mural was completed on July 2 on the Main Street side of Five Flags Center.

In the mural measuring 28 feet high and 105 feet wide, artist Shelby Fry showed support for the Black Lives Matter movement and other segments of the community to promote unity. Some of the symbols used as letters were meant to include those with disabilities (the wheelchair symbol), brain health issues (the first “i,” which is a semicolon, which are commonly associated with brain health), LGBTQ community (the rainbow “D”) and transgendered individuals (the symbol serving as the “y”). (135)

Racial unrest nationally in 2020 was caused the deaths of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. Floyd died after a white police officer held his knee on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes in Minneapolis. Taylor, a 26-year old EMT in Kentucky, was shot when police burst into her apartment using a no-knock warrant. On August 23 Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin survived seven shots in the back by white police officers in front of his children, but was left paralyzed from the waist down. In Kenosha protests after the shooting, Joseph Rosenbaum and Anthony Huber were shot and killed. Sponsored by the Switching Places Foundation, a march in protest of these and other killings was held in Dubuque along Grandview Avenue on September 2, 2020. An estimated three hundred people of all races and genders participated in the event to protest social injustice. (136)

Addressing the sins of the past led to shocking news to the students of [[LORAS COLLEGE]] and the Dubuque community on September 9, 2020. Research of Mathias Loras' history before and after he arrived in Dubuque confirmed his purchase of an enslaved woman named Marie Louise while he was living in Mobile, Alabama. She remained enslaved from 1836 to 1852. Loras left her behind when he moved to Iowa, but used the money he received from her labor to help finance his work in Iowa. A statue of Loras was removed from campus after school officials learned this information and a member of Loras College's history faculty confirmed the facts were indisputable. (137)

In a letter to the campus community on September 9th, Loras College President [[COLLINS, James|James COLLINS]] stated that the statue would be placed in storage while the campus and alumni community and board gave their input on its future. (138) The board announced the creation of a scholarship fund honoring Mary Louise's legacy starting in the 2021-22 school year. A second scholarship fund would be created to honor Loras' first Black graduate and fifth Black priest to be ordained in the United States, the Rev. Norman Dukette ('22) effective with the 2021-22 school year. (137)

[[COMISKEY PARK]] was the scene on June 18th, 2022 of the twelfth annual Juneteenth event. The nationwide observance commemorated the freedom of formerly enslaved black people in the United States and recognized the date in 1865 when African Americans in Galveston, Texas were told they were free...two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed. More than two hundred attended the festivity which offered lawn games and community booths. (140)

See: [[INTEGRATION]]

See: [[RACIAL PROFILING]]

See: [[DUBUQUE POLICE DEPARTMENT]]

See: Finding Dubuque: Uncovering Dubuque's Black Heritage. Online: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d70a04b134e844569c84df77a6d20882

---

Source:

1. Chaichian, Mohammad A. '''White Racism on the Western Urban Frontier-Dynamics of Race and Class in Dubuque Iowa (1800-2000)''', Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, Inc. 2006, p. 58

2. Veen, Alice Hoyt, "Iowa African American Heritage," Prairie Roots Research, Online: http://www.prairierootsresearch.com/black-history-month/

3. “Mayors of the City of Dubuque, Iowa,” City of Dubuque, http://www.cityofdubuque.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/2977.

4. George Wallace Jones to Jefferson Davis, 5/17/1861, holograph, George Wallace Jones Vertical File, Center for Dubuque History, Loras College.

5. Chaichian, p. 85

6. Ibid. p.86

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid. p. 60

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid. p. 61

11. "Nathaniel Morgan Memorial," National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium, Online: https://www.rivermuseum.com/nathaniel-morgan

12. Chaichian, p. 75

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid. p. 82

16. "Free Blacks Coming North," ''Dubuque Herald'', April 23, 1861, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18610423&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

17. "All for the (Word Removed)," ''Dubuque Herald'', March 16, 1862, p 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18620316&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

18. "1st Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry-African Descent," IaGenweb. Online: http://iagenweb.org/civilwar/regiment/infantry/01stA/history.htm

19. "List of United States Colored Troops Civil War Units," Wikipedia. Online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Colored_Troops_Civil_War_units

20. "An Army of Two Hundred Thousand Blacks," ''Dubuque Herald'', May 31, 1863, p. 2

21. Henderson, Steward, "African Americans in the Civil War," American Battlefield Trust, February 1, 2022, Online: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/african-americans-civil-war

22. Ibid.

23. "An Army of Two Hundred..."

24. "Editorial," ''Dubuque Herald'', April 5, 1863, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18630405&printsec=frontpage&hl=e

25. Logan, Guy E. "Roster and Record of Iowa Troops in the Rebellion," Vol. 5 First Regiment Iowa African Infantry. IaGenWeb. Online: http://iagenweb.org/civilwar/books/logan/mil718.htm

26. Brodnax, Robert Sr. "Will They Fight? Ask the Enemy: Iowa's African American Regiment in the Civil War," '''The Annals of Iowa''', State Historical Society of Iowa, Vol. 66, No. 3, p. 6. Online: https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=annals-of-iowa

27. "Happy Are We, Darkies. So Gay," ''Dubuque Democratic Herald'', September 10, 1864, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=A36e8EsbUSoC&dat=18640910&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

28. "Street Lamps Opaque," ''Dubuque Democratic Herald'', December 17, 1864, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=A36e8EsbUSoC&dat=18641217&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

29. "A Black Broker," ''Dubuque Democratic Herald'', October 15, 1864, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=A36e8EsbUSoC&dat=18641015&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

30. "The Charity of Color," ''Dubuque Democratic Herald'', December 15, 1864, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=A36e8EsbUSoC&dat=18641215&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

31. "Negro Suffrage Tonight," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 13, 1865, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18650913&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

32. "The Negro Suffrage Fizzle," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 13, 1865, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18650913&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

33. "Commendable Sympathy," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', September 28, 1866, p. 3. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18660928&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

34. "Helping the Blacks," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', September 30, 1866, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18660930&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

35. "Struck for Wages, ''Dubuque Herald'', July 24, 1866, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18660724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

36. "Negro Crews Coming," ''Dubuque Herald'', July 31, 1866, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18660731&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

37. "A Black Floater," Dubuque Herald, August 12, 1866, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18660812&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

38. "Shades Departing," ''Dubuque Herald'', December 6, 1865, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18651206&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

39. "White and Black Strikes," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 27, 1866, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18660927&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

40. Ibid.

41. "Negroes at Hotel Tables," ''Dubuque Herald'', December 29, 1865, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18651229&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

42. "A Colored Petition," ''Dubuque Herald'', February 2, 1866, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18660202&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

43. "A Branch of the Freedman's Bureau," ''Dubuque Herald'', March 7, 1866, p. 4. Online:https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18660307&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

44. "A Time Line of Iowa's Civil Rights History," Online: http://www.cityofdubuque.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1178

45. "The Christian Recorder," Accessible Archives. Online: http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/african-american-newspapers/the-christian-recorder/

46. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', January 31, 1873, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18730131&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

47. "An African Departure," ''Dubuque Herald'', May 5, 1873, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18730506&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

48. "A Colored Knot," ''Dubuque Herald'', July 1, 1873, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18730701&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

49. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', August 24, 1873, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18730824&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

50. "Meeting of Colored Citizens," ''Dubuque Herald'', July 22, 1875, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18750722&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

51. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', July 27, 1875, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18750727&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

52. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', August 3, 1876, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18760803&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

53. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', January 20, 1876, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18760120&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

54. "The Schools," ''Dubuque Herald'', August 17, 1876, p. 4

55. "De Gentleman Ob Color," ''Dubuque Herald'', February 11, 1877, p. 4

56. Ibid.

57. "The Election," ''Dubuque Herald'', November 10, 1876, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18761110&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

58. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', December 21, 1876. p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18761221&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

59. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', August 21, 1877, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18770821&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

60. "Purchase of a Church," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 7, 1877, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18770907&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

61. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', October 9, 1877, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18771009&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

62. "Dark Doings," ''Dubuque Herald'', August 2, 1878, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18780802&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

63. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', January 6, 1878, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18780106&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

64. "The Colored Church," ''Dubuque Herald'', February 19, 1878, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18780219&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

65. "Bob Lynch, the Colored Barber, Chosen as a Petit Juror," ''Dubuque Herald'', December 15, 1878, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18781215&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

66. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', April 6, 1879, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18790406&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

67. Editorial, ''The Daily Herald'', June 27, 1879, p. 2. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18790627&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

68. "Help A Good Cause," ''Dubuque Herald'', August 12, 1880, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18800812&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

69. "Miscellaneous," ''The Bolivar Bulletin'', September 21, 1882, p. 1. Online: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033306/1882-09-21/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1850&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Dubuque+negro&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=1&state=&date2=1900&proxtext=Dubuque+negroes&y=11&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2

70. "Local News in Brief," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', July 27, 1890, p. 8. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18900727&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

71. Cited

72. "Colored Convention," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', September 16, 1890, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18900916&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

73. "Liberians for License," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', September 17, 1890, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18900917&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

74. Ibid.

75. "Sable Sons of Senegambia," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', August 2, 1891, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18910802&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

76. "Among the Breakers," ''Dubuque Daily Herald,'' November 29, 1893, p. 4.

77. Untitled. ''Iowa State Bystander'', August 10, 1894, p. 1. Online: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025186/1894-08-10/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1850&index=1&rows=20&words=Dubuque+Negro&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=Iowa&date2=1900&proxtext=Dubuque+negroes&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1

78. "Married at Guttenberg," ''Dubuque Daily Herald,'' April 11, 1894, p. 4

79. "Municipal Molecules," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', April 26, 1894, p. 4

80. "Municipal Molecules, ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', August 1, 1894, p. 4

81. "Municipal Molecules," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', August 16, 1894, p. 4

82. "Clubs Organized," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', September 19, 1896, p. 8

83. "Color Question Up," ''Evening Times (Marshalltown, IA) Republican'', December 15, 1905, p. 2. Online: http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85049554/1905-12-15/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1890&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=Dubuque+Negro&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=2&state=Iowa&date2=1922&proxtext=Dubuque+negroes&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2

84. "Dubuque Negroes Are Appointed," ''Dubuque Telegraph-Herald'', July 11 1911, p. 10

85. Thimmesch, Nick. "Baseball Boobery," ''Lodi News-Sentinel'', October 10, 1978, p. 6. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19781010&id=1JQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QDIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6905,4267876&hl=en

86. Ibid.

87. Pleasant, Keri, (JMC Historian) "Honoring Black History World War II Service to the Nation," Online: https://www.army.mil/article/233117/honoring_black_history_world_war_ii_service_to_the_nation

88. Ibid.

89. University of Kansas Libraries, "World War II: The African American Experience, " Online: https://wwii.lib.ku.edu/background

90. Ibid.

91. Port Chicago Naval Magazine, National Park Service, Online: https://www.nps.gov/poch/index.htm

92. "Racial Tension Smolders in City Once Tagged 'Selma of the North': Integration: Plan to Bring more Minorities to Dubuque, Iowa, Has Triggered Confrontation and Cross-Burnings," ''Los Angeles Times'' Nov. 24, 1991, Online: http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-24/news/mn-133_1_integration-plan/2

93. Email, "African American Entry in ED," June 16, 2022

94. "Negro, Iowa College Students Exchange," ''The Sunday Times'' (Spencer, Iowa), April 3, 1962, p. 3. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2350&dat=19620403&id=v3wpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=O_4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3543,122046&hl=en

95. Rhodes, Greg, "'Black Power Experiment' at Loras," Telegraph-Herald, October 6, 1968, p. 1

96. Mehl, Annie, "'He Gave Up His Career for His Beliefs,'" ''Telegraph Herald'', July 4, 2020, p. 1A

97. "Racial Tension Smolders in City Once Tagged 'Selma of the North': Integration: Plan to Bring more Minorities to Dubuque, Iowa, Has Triggered Confrontation and Cross-Burnings," ''Los Angeles Times'' Nov. 24, 1991, Online: http://articles.latimes.com/1991-11-24/news/mn-133_1_integration-plan/2

98. Ibid.

99. Lyon. Teacher at Hoover School who invited the group

100. Bagsarian, Tom. "Parade Law Irks White Activists," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 1, 1992, p. 3A. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19920101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

101. Batio, Christopher. "White Supremacist Threatens Suit," ''Telegraph Herald'', Feb. 10, 1992. p. 3A

102. Hanson, Lyn. "Minorities Offered Free Education Plan," ''Telegraph Herald'', April 28, 1992, p. 3A. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19920428&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

103. Bagsarian, "Speaker Urges Blacks to Get Involved," ''Telegraph Herald'', February 28, 1992, p. 3A. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19920228&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

104. Bagsarian, Tom. "NAACP to Probe Racism Charge," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 15, 1993, p. 1

105. Hanson, Lyn. "Young Blacks Protest NAACP," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 18, 1993, p. 3A

106. Bagsarian, Tom. "Differences Overcome for King Rally," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 19, 1993, p. 1

107. Hanson, Lyn. "NAACP Launches Probe Amid Criticism," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 20, 1993, p. 1

108. Bagasarian, Tom and Hanson, Lyn. "Blacks Tell About Dubuque Racism," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 27, 1993, p. 1

109. Bagasarian, Tom. "Blacks in Protests Have Police Records," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 30, 1993, p. 1A

110. Bagsarian, Tom. "Mauss Clears Police of Racial Complaints," ''Telegraph Herald'', February 4, 1993, p. 1

111. Hanson, Lyn. "Who Speaks for N.A.C.C.P.?" ''Telegraph Herald'', February 5, 1993, p. 1.

112. Hanson, Lyn. "NAACP Leader Rips Local Branch," ''Telegraph Herald'', February 6, 1993, p. 1

113. Hanson, Lyn. "NAACP Asked to Clean House," ''Telegraph Herald'', February 17, 1993, p. 1

114. Hanson, Lyn. "NAACP Chapter's Election Results Challenged," ''Telegraph Herald'', March 10, 1993, p. 1

115. Krapfl, Mike. "Meeting Targets Local NAACP Chapter," ''Telegraph Herald'', March 14, 1993, p. 3A

116. Bagsarian, Tom. "Mixed Reviews for NAACP, Police Memorandum," '''Telegraph Herald''', March 16, 1993, p. 3A

117. Bagsarian, Tom. "'Next Step Up to Dubuquers,'" ''Telegraph Herald'', June 18, 1993, p. 3A

118. Jerde, Lyn Hanson. "NAACP Chapter Honored," Telegraph Herald, June 22, 1993, p. 3A

119. Hanson, Lyn. "Moss Hopes to Win N.A.A.C.P. Presidency Again," ''Telegraph Herald'', July 8, 1993, p. 3A

120. Jerde, Lyn Hanson. "New Election Ordered for NAACP Officers," ''Telegraph Herald'', July 7, 1993, p. 3A

121. "NAACP to Name Outside Administrator for Dubuque," ''Telegraph Herald'', July 26, 1993, p. 3A

122. Nevans-Pederson, Mary, "Church a Pillar of Strength in Black Community," ''Telegraph Herald,'' March 23, 2002, p. 1A

123. Hogstrom, Erik, "Social Service Agencies Report Increases in Blacks Receiving Aid," ''Telegraph Herald'', March 22, 2002, p. 1

124. "Dubuque, Iowa Officials Admit To Housing Discrimination Against Blacks," WQOK FM HipHopNC.com Online: http://hiphopnc.com/5509787/dubuque-iowa-officials-admit-to-housing-discrimination-against-blacks/

125. "Police Consider Cross Burnings a Hate Crime," Tri-State Week in Review, ''Telegraph Herald'', April 17, 2016, p. 23A

126. Hogstrom, Erik. "Dubuquers Line Up for Unity," ''Telegraph Herald'', April 18, 2016, p. 1.

127. Munson, Kyle. "Cross Burnings in Dubuque Show City Still in Turmoil Over Race," ''Des Moines Register'', April 22, 2016, Online: http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/local/kyle-munson/2016/04/22/cross-burnings-dubuque-show-city-still-turmoil-over-race/83229444/

128. Ibid.

129. Franklin, Vanessa. "Dubuque Event About Celebrating Freedom, Building Community," ''Telegraph Herald'', June 18, 2017, p. 13A

130. Kruse, John, "Council Ponders Perceptions," ''Telegraph Herald'', March 12, 2019, p. 1

131. Jacobson, Ben, "Study: Black Dubuquers Struggle With Unemployment, ''Telegraph Herald'', June 16, 2019, p. 15A

132. Barton, Thomas J., "Dream Center's $276,000 Boost Coming True," ''Telegraph Herald'', July 11, 2020, p. 1A

133. Montgomery, Jeff, "Human Rights Agency Pushes for Change," ''Telegraph Herald'', June 9, 2020, p. 1A

134. Ibid.

135. "Portrait of Solidarity," ''Telegraph Herald'', July 3, 2020, p. 5

136. Kruse, John, "Event Spurs Discussions on Local Race Relations," ''Telegraph Herald'', September 3, 2020, p. 1A

137. "BREAKING: Loras Hall Namesake Found to have been Slave Owner," TommieMedia. Online: https://www.tommiemedia.com/breaking-loras-hall-namesake-found-to-have-been-slave-owner/

138. Hinga, Allie, "Loras Removes Statue," Telegraph Herald, September 9, 2020, p. 1A

139. Ibid., p. 2A

140. Nieland, Grace, "Community, Education Key to Juneteenth in Dubuque," ''Telegraph Herald'', June 19, 2022, p. 1A

[[Category: Ethnic Groups]]
[[Category: Civil Rights]]
[[Category: African American]]
[[Category: Racism]]
[[Category: Events]]

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

2026-01-21T16:53:36Z

Mmay:

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD. The National Park Service has summarized the existence of the Underground Railroad as the following:

The Underground Railroad—the resistance to enslavement through escape and flight, through the end of the Civil War
refers to the efforts of enslaved African Americans to gain their freedom by escaping bondage. Wherever slavery
existed, there were efforts to escape. At first to maroon communities in remote or rugged terrain on the edge of
settled areas and eventually across state and international borders. These acts of self-emancipation labeled slaves
as "fugitives," "escapees," or "runaways," but in retrospect "freedom seeker" is a more accurate description. Many
freedom seekers began their journey unaided and many completed their self-emancipation without assistance, but each
subsequent decade in which slavery was legal in the United States, there was an increase in active efforts to assist
escape.

The decision to assist a freedom seeker may have been spontaneous. However, in some places, especially after the
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Underground Railroad was deliberate and organized. Despite the illegality of their
actions, people of all races, class and genders participated in this widespread form of civil disobedience. Freedom
seekers went in many directions – Canada, Mexico, Spanish Florida, Indian territory, the West, Caribbean islands and
Europe. (1)

[[Image:underg.png|left|thumb|350px|Map courtesy of the National Park Service]] This map shows that participation of people as "conductors" and the establishment of "stations" at which escaping slaves were hidden until they could be moved further north was a southern Iowa activity. The community of Salem, Iowa in the 1840s was the home of Henderson Lewelling who promoted abolition so strongly that he was ousted from meetings of other Quakers. His home was constructed to hide slaves with a trapdoor cut in the kitchen floor leading to a hollowed out area in which slaves could be hidden. Tour guides of the home in the 1980s suggested the theory that the trapdoor and crawl space may have even been part of a tunnel connecting Henderson's house with the home of his brother across the street. Lewelling left Salem for the Pacific Northwest long before the Civil War.

Questions remain of the involvement of Captain Charles Merry in East Dubuque, Illinois. Merry constructed a large home near the bayous of the Mississippi River. Boats with cargo could be paddled up to the house and their cargo unloaded unseen. A small entrance located at the side of house and near water level led to the basement. It has been said that shackles were found pinned to the walls years after the Merry family left the area. Some references to Merry contain a reference to "underground railroad" with a (?). The home also had tunnels leading from the rear of the house up the hill. Was Lewelling posing as a "conductor" only to capture escaped slaves and then resell them to slave hunters? Proof either way has not been found.

[[Image:lewelling2.PNG|left|thumb|350px|A tour guide shows the trapdoor which was hidden by a rug in the kitchen of the Lewelling home.]] Dubuque likely had a role to play in the Underground Railroad. There were residents of the community who advocated for abolition, and in an issue of the ''Telegraph Herald,'' a portion of a 1911 family history of Samuel B. Hampton relates that Hampton hid runaway slaves among furniture loaded in a wagon. From Viola, Iowa he traveled through Dubuque going north to Canada. (2)

A similar story about Dubuque's connection to the Underground Railroad was recounted by Matt Parrott, newspaper editor and Lieutenant Governor of Iowa, in ''The Midland Monthly'' in 1895. In this short article, Parrott described efforts to transport a runaway slave by wagon from an undisclosed location in Eastern Iowa to Dubuque where the runaway would be turned over to someone "who would then help him on his way to Canada." (3)

For further reference, see the entry [[AFRICAN AMERICANS]].

---

Sources:

1. "Underground Railroad," National Park Service, Online: https://www.nps.gov/subjects/undergroundrailroad/what-is-the-underground-railroad.htm

2. Hogstrom, Erik, "In Search of Freedom," ''Telegraph Herald'', January 26, 2025, p. 1

3. Parrott, Matt, "An Underground Railroad Incident," ''The Midland Monthly'', May 1895, Volume 3, Number 5, pages 479-480. Online: https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Midland_Monthly/tZlBAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA479

CREDITS

2025-01-16T16:25:11Z

Mmay:

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''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is written and edited by [[LYON, Randolph W.|Randolph W. Lyon]]. Images are provided by [[REDING, Robert Joseph|Robert Reding]], [[ZEPESKI, Norman|Norman Zepeski]], and many others. The encyclopedia website is maintained by staff at [https://carnegiestout.org/ Carnegie-Stout Public Library] using [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki] software. Angela and Ransom Briggs helped establish the site in 2008.

The encyclopedia was made possible by a grant from the [https://www.cityofdubuque.org/ Dubuque City Council’s 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee]. The encyclopedia was also made possible by [https://locations.usbank.com/index/iowa/dubuque/dubuque-branch.html U.S. Bank Dubuque Branch] which donated full copyright ownership of the original 1991 print edition of [https://catalog.carnegiestout.org/Record/4210 Randolph Lyon’s ''Dubuque: The Encyclopedia''] to the Carnegie-Stout Public Library Foundation.

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is owned and published by the [https://carnegiestout.org/about-us/#about-the-library-tab-3 Carnegie-Stout Public Library Foundation] under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike License], which means you are welcome to use any of the material for non-commercial purposes only, as long as you attribute ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' as the source. Material published on the encyclopedia website which is not created by our authors is done so with the permission of the copyright owners, or is allowed by U.S. copyright law as fair use for nonprofit educational purposes, or is freely available in the public domain.

For more information, [https://carnegiestout.org/ninja-forms/33nbdm/ please contact us].

<div style="padding: 10px; background: #DDDDDD; border: width: 100px;">
'''How to Cite ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' Articles'''
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "ARTICLE TITLE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. Article date. Carnegie-Stout Public Library Foundation. Accessed on date at <nowiki>https://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=ARTICLE_TITLE</nowiki>.</blockquote>
For example, the [[EUCHRE]] article should be cited this way:
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "EUCHRE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. August 17, 2021. Carnegie-Stout Public Library Foundation. Accessed on {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} at <nowiki>https://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php/EUCHRE</nowiki>.</blockquote>
</div>

File:Herrmann and Son.jpg

2022-02-24T20:07:51Z

Mmay: /* Summary */

== Summary ==
Advertisement from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fh9CAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a6oMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4902%2C2745548 Dubuque Telegraph Herald, November 25, 1909 page 3].

R. HERRMANN & SONS

2022-02-24T20:07:18Z

Mmay:

[[Image:HRS.jpg|left|thumb|450px|Furniture showroom. c. 1912. Photo courtesy: https://digitalcollections.loras.edu/items/show/220]]
[[Image:ragnatzaccident.jpg|left|thumb|450px|The R. Hermann store on the corner just missed being hit by a streetcar. Photo courtesy: Jim Kenline]]
[[Image:Herrmann_and_Son.jpg|left|thumb|425px|Advertisement from [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fh9CAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a6oMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4902%2C2745548 Dubuque Telegraph Herald, November 25, 1909 page 3]]]R. HERRMANN & SONS. The former [[DUBUQUE CABINET MAKERS' ASSOCIATION]], was purchased by [[HERRMANN, Richard|Richard HERRMANN]] in 1877 and renamed by 1909.

The 1909 ''Dubuque City Directory'' located this business at 10th and Main.

The 1911-12 and 1915 ''Dubuque City Directory'' stated that this business was located at 1000-1020 Main.

The 1916-1917 ''White's Dubuque County Directory'' listed Main at the corner of 10th as the address.

The 1923 ''Dubuque City Directory'' listed 1000-20 Main.

The 1929 ''Dubuque City Directory'' listed 545 Main.

---

Source:

"Richard Herrmann in Business Fifty Years," ''Telegraph Herald and Times Journal'', June 12, 1927, p. 4. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7J9FAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vLwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3382,5237935&dq=richard+herrmann+dubuque&hl=en

[[Category: Crockery/Glassware Retailers]]
[[Category: Furniture Company]]
[[Category: Home Furnishings]]
[[Category: Upholsterer]]
[[Category: Go Carts]]
[[Category: Picture Frames]]

File:Herrmann and Son.jpg

2022-02-24T19:59:25Z

Mmay: Advertisement from Dubuque Telegraph Herald, November 25, 1909 page 3.

== Summary ==
Advertisement from Dubuque Telegraph Herald, November 25, 1909 page 3.

R. HERRMANN & SONS

2022-02-24T19:56:03Z

Mmay:

[[Image:HRS.jpg|left|thumb|450px|Furniture showroom. c. 1912. Photo courtesy: https://digitalcollections.loras.edu/items/show/220]]
[[Image:ragnatzaccident.jpg|left|thumb|450px|The R. Hermann store on the corner just missed being hit by a streetcar. Photo courtesy: Jim Kenline]]R. HERRMANN & SONS. The former [[DUBUQUE CABINET MAKERS' ASSOCIATION]], was purchased by [[HERRMANN, Richard|Richard HERRMANN]] in 1877 and renamed by 1909.

The 1909 ''Dubuque City Directory'' located this business at 10th and Main.

The 1911-12 and 1915 ''Dubuque City Directory'' stated that this business was located at 1000-1020 Main.

The 1916-1917 ''White's Dubuque County Directory'' listed Main at the corner of 10th as the address.

The 1923 ''Dubuque City Directory'' listed 1000-20 Main.

The 1929 ''Dubuque City Directory'' listed 545 Main.

---

Source:

"Richard Herrmann in Business Fifty Years," ''Telegraph Herald and Times Journal'', June 12, 1927, p. 4. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7J9FAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vLwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3382,5237935&dq=richard+herrmann+dubuque&hl=en

[[Category: Crockery/Glassware Retailers]]
[[Category: Furniture Company]]
[[Category: Home Furnishings]]
[[Category: Upholsterer]]
[[Category: Go Carts]]
[[Category: Picture Frames]]

DUBUQUE CABINET MAKERS' ASSOCIATION

2022-02-24T19:55:17Z

Mmay:

[[Image:cabinetmakers.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:dcab.png|left|thumb|250px|Letterhead]]DUBUQUE CABINET MAKERS' ASSOCIATION. 1867 to 1909. Formation of the Dubuque Cabinet-Makers' Association, one of the most enterprising and wealthy corporations in Dubuque around 1911, was first suggested early in 1867. It was not until June 15 of that year that the Association was chartered by authority of the Legislature, with the following as incorporators: [[WUNDERLICH, Henry|Henry WUNDERLICH]], [[STUBER, John, Sr.|John STUBER, Sr.]], [[JACOBI, Christian|Christian JACOBI]], John Foerst, Jacob Seeger, G. Schneider, Joachim Kurtz, William Kley, H. [[HUBER, Henry|Henry HUBER]], John Chrismer, B. Baumhoefer, [[WULLWEBER, Otto|Otto WULLWEBER]], George Scheuler and H. Tischer. The capital stock was established at $7,000 and the first officers elected were George Scheuler, President, and William Kley, manager. (1) The ''German-American Collective'' reported that only employees could own stock and that a limitation on the amount of stock owned by any one member was limited. (2)

[[Image:dubuquecabinetmakers.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Trade Card]]The goal of the Association was the manufacture and purchase of all qualities of furniture. A large building at the corner of Jackson and 10th was purchased and renovated into a factory. A lumberyard was attached. (3)

A few minutes past 7 o'clock on the evening of January 11, 1870, the factory was destroyed in a disastrous fire. The loss of $15,000 with little insurance nearly ruined the company. (4)

Little time was lost, however, in making arrangements for rebuilding, and a four-story brick structure, 40x60, with engine and dry house, were erected on the site of the burned premises at a cost of about $12,000. (5) The construction was just in time to allow acceptance and completion of an order for 10,000 gavels to be used at Granger meetings throughout the United States. (6)

In June 1877 the company was sold to [[HERRMANN, Richard|Richard HERRMANN]] and had been renamed [[R. HERRMANN & SONS]] by 1909. On August 15, 1877, the corporation was re-organized, the capital stock increased to $40,000, paid up, and the facilities for work improved. (7) During the month of November, 1877 the company manufactured 212 dozen chairs. (8)

In 1894 the former Dubuque Universalist Church on Tenth and Main [[STREETS]] was sold to the Association. The factory was sold in 1908, but the retail business was continued. In 1902 the company chose not to join a large furniture trust. Organized in Chicago by the National Association of Chamber Suit and Case Manufacturers, the organization was established to control the furniture output in the United States and regulate prices. A new schedule of prices immediately increased prices to the consumer by ten to twenty percent. (9)

The company remained at 10th and Main until the building was sold to the Dubuque Electric Company in 1924. (10) Showrooms were operated at 1000 and 1020 Main. (11)

In 1933 a force of eighty workmen cost the company one thousand dollars per week. (12) Not less than $100,000 worth of production was marketed annually with many buyers in Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Dakota and Nebraska.

[[Image:imp564.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Cathy's Treasures, 156 Main, Dubuque]]
[[Image:DCMA.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:DCMA-2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[File:cab1.png|right|thumb|200px|]]
[[File:cab2.png|left|thumb|200px|]]
[[File:cab3.jpg|right|thumb|200px|]]
[[File:cab6.jpg|left|thumb|200px|]]

---

Source:

1."Dubuque County Before 1880," ''Telegraph Herald'', Oct. 19, 1933, p. 17. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-P9BAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U6oMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5068,2467848&dq=cooper+wagons+dubuque&hl=en

2. Upper Main Street Historic District Nomination, Online: http://weblink.cityofdubuque.org/WebLink8/1/doc/38915/Page61.aspx, p. 30

3. "Dubuque County Before 1880"

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', September 22, 1875, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18750922&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

7. "Richard Herrmann in Business Fifty Years," ''Telegraph Herald and Times Journal'', June 12, 1927, p. 4. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7J9FAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vLwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3382,5237935&dq=richard+herrmann+dubuque&hl=en

8. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', December 13, 1877, p. 4. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18771213&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

9. "Are Not in Trust," ''Dubuque Telegraph-Herald,'' May 23, 1902, p. 3

10. "Richard Hermann..."

11. "Dubuque Cabinet Makers' Association," ''Telegraph Herald'', June 8, 1902, p. 11. Online: http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wWhBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MqkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3582,7814956&dq=dubuque+cabinet+makers+association&hl=en

12. "Dubuque County Before 1880,"

[[Category: Cabinet Manufacturers]]
[[Category: Furniture Company]]
[[Category: Trade Card]]
[[Category: Manufacturing Company]]
[[Category: Letterhead]]
[[Category: Fires]]

DAVIS, Jefferson

2021-11-22T15:24:20Z

Mmay:

[[Image:jeffersondavis.gif|left|thumb|250px|Jefferson Davis]]DAVIS, Jefferson. (Fairview, KY, June 3, 1808-New Orleans, IA, Dec. 6, 1889). President of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, then a lieutenant in the United States Army, was ordered to direct the construction of a dam and lumber mill on the Yellow River near McGregor. The mill produced lumber used in the construction of Ft. Crawford at Prairie du Chein. (1)

In 1832 Davis, then a lieutenant in the U.S. Army, was ordered to the [[LEAD]] mines of Dubuque to prevent whites from occupying land still belonging to Native Americans.

Davis again played a major role in Dubuque history when in 1852 as secretary of war he was convinced by Senator [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] into making a third appropriation for work on the Dubuque [[ICE HARBOR]]. Jones considered Davis a friend since college. Jones communications with Davis led to Jones to be charged with treason and imprisoned. (2) In 1889, long after Jones had been welcomed back into Dubuque society, he was interviewed by writers of the New Orleans Times-Democrat about his memories of his old friend. The article was reprinted in the December 29, 1889 issue of the ''Dubuque Sunday Herald'' on p. 2.

Although he resigned from the United States Senate only after his home state of Mississippi seceded, Davis led the Confederacy with zeal. His refusal to concede defeat after Gettysburg was one reason he was indicted for treason and served two years in prison before being released in 1867. (3) Davis was led to prison by a guard of one hundred Union soldiers including [[HEALEY, George W.|George W. HEALEY]] of Dubuque. (4)

---

Source:

1. "Low Water Shows Dam," ''Telegraph Herald'', November 25, 1956, p. 15

2. "Our Early Years," ''Telegraph Herald'', February 22, 1976, p 49

3. Kaufmann, Bruce, "Jefferson Davis: The Man and the Myth," ''Telegraph Herald'', December 4, 2011, p. 39

4. Oldt, Franklin. '''The History of Dubuque County, Iowa'''. Chicago: Western Historical Company, 1880, p. 662

[[Category: Military]]
[[Category: Politician]]

Talk:Welcome

2021-11-18T17:55:20Z

Mmay: Created page with "Creating Talk:Welcome"

Creating Talk:Welcome

CARR, ADAMS AND COLLIER COMPANY

2019-09-18T14:27:04Z

Mmay:

[[Image:imp414.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]] CARR, ADAMS AND COLLIER COMPANY. This local manufacturer was the predecessor of one of the world's largest woodworking companies. Manufacturers of Bilt-Well Woodwork, the Carr, Adams and Collier Company's history began with the formation of the [[CARR, AUSTIN AND COMPANY]] on lower Main Street.

[[Image:biltwell.png|right|thumb|250px|Advertising matches.]]With a workforce of two men, the company produced building woodwork until destroyed by fire in 1871. The company was rebuilt on Iowa Street and expanded to employ fifteen men. In February 1879, W. H. Austin sold his interest in the company to his partners. (1) The new company was renamed [[W. W. CARR AND COMPANY]]. (2) Fire again destroyed the firm in 1879, but the company relocated along Jackson Street between Ninth and Tenth [[STREETS]].

The company was incorporated in 1887 as the [[CARR, RYDER, AND WHEELER COMPANY]] with a capital stock of $125,000. By February 16, 1890, continued expansion of the company led to an increase in the capitalization to $150,000. The firm's name was changed to the [[CARR, RYDER, AND ENGLER COMPANY]] in August 1892. Continued business expansion led to the installation of more machinery and an increase in capital from $200,000 to $300,000 in January 1893. Officers at the time were W. W. Carr, president; E. A. Engler, vice-president; [[ADAMS, John Taylor|John Taylor ADAMS]], secretary; and E. M. Dickey, treasurers. (3) The need for more power led to January 1892 when the company had to close for three days while the bed under the new 500-horsepower engine settled.(4)

[[Image:carrryderadams.jpg|left|thumb|300px| Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]The company's name changed again in 1897 to the [[CARR, RYDER, AND ADAMS COMPANY]]. This name remained until 1938 when the firm's name became Carr, Adams and Collier Company.

During [[WORLD WAR II]] the company's war effort included the manufacture of footlockers and ammunition boxes in addition to its more traditional supplies to military bases. Progressing through the series of changes in name, the company eventually became [[CARADCO]].
[[Image:carrtape.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Advertising measuring tape. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:billtwell.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Advertising model. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:cactherm.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Jim Massey]]
[[Image:cacashtray.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Metal ash tray. ]]
[[Image:cacmatches.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Matchbox]]
[[Image:Carr_Adams.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Carr, Adams & Collier Co., Dubuque, Iowa, circa 1943 to 1958. Courtesy Alina Crow, Gronen Companies.]]

---

Source:

1. "Caught on the Fly," ''Dubuque Herald'', February 18, 1879, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18790218&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

2. "W. W. Carr and Company," ''Dubuque Herald'', February 26, 1879, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=uh8FjILnQOkC&dat=18790226&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

3. "Increased Its Capital," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', January 14, 1893, p. 4. Online: https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=_OG5zn83XeQC&dat=18930114&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

3. "Municipal Molecules," ''Dubuque Daily Herald'', January 26, 1892, p. 4

[[Category: Cabinet Manufacturers]]
[[Category: Sash, Doors and Blinds]]
[[Category: Letterhead]]

File:Carr Adams.jpg

2019-09-17T20:18:34Z

Mmay: Carr, Adams & Collier Co., Dubuque, Iowa, circa 1943 to 1958. Courtesy Alina Crow, Gronen Companies.

Carr, Adams & Collier Co., Dubuque, Iowa, circa 1943 to 1958. Courtesy Alina Crow, Gronen Companies.

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2018-05-24T16:48:13Z

Mmay:

[[Image:SHSI_Certificate_logo.jpg|left|"SHSI Certificate of Recognition"]][[Image:Best_Logo.jpg|right|"Best on the Web"]] Encyclopedia
Dubuque
[http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/ www.encyclopediadubuque.org]
"Encyclopedia Dubuque is the online authority for all things Dubuque, written by the people who know the city best.” Marshall Cohen—researcher and producer, CNN
Affiliated with the Local History Network of the State Historical Society of Iowa, and the Iowa Museum Association.

DUBUQUE COUNTY SHERIFFS

2018-04-25T15:07:48Z

Mmay:

[[Image:sheriffs.jpg|left|thumb|400px|]]DUBUQUE COUNTY SHERIFFS.

---

Source:

This research was done by former Deputy Jim Sawvel and records custodian Joyce Schmitt of the Dubuque County Sheriff's Office.

According to current sheriff Joe Kennedy, Runde retired in October 2010, Don Vrotsos was sheriff from 2010 until 2016, and then Joseph L. Kennedy took over in 2016.

J. O’Hea Cantillon actually died on Monday, March 31, 1879. His obituary appears the next day in the ''Dubuque Daily Herald'' at https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4sRCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WKsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1791%2C5167895.

Cantillon served as sheriff after Ernst Young died in office in October 1872, but only for a few weeks until his successor Michael Liddy was elected in November 1872.

[[Category: Law Enforcement]]

DUBUQUE COUNTY SHERIFFS

2018-04-25T15:06:03Z

Mmay:

[[Image:sheriffs.jpg|left|thumb|400px|]]DUBUQUE COUNTY SHERIFFS.

---

Source:

This research was done by former Deputy Jim Sawvell and records custodian Joyce Schmitt of the Dubuque County Sheriff's Office.

According to current sheriff Joe Kennedy, Runde retired in October 2010, Don Vrotsos was sheriff from 2010 until 2016, and then Joseph L. Kennedy took over in 2016.

J. O’Hea Cantillon actually died on Monday, March 31, 1879. His obituary appears the next day in the ''Dubuque Daily Herald'' at https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4sRCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WKsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1791%2C5167895.

Cantillon served as sheriff after Ernst Young died in office in October 1872, but only for a few weeks until his successor Michael Liddy was elected in November 1872.

[[Category: Law Enforcement]]

MARSH MANSION

2015-10-07T22:36:39Z

Mmay:

[[Image:Marsh-Mansion.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Marsh Mansion. Photo courtesy: Barbara Ludwig.]][[Image:Blue-Room-Marsh-Mansion.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Blue Drawing Room, Marsh Mansion. Photo courtesy: Barbara Ludwig.]]MARSH MANSION. Located at 1049 University, the house was built in 1854 by James Marsh for his wife Harriett Langworthy, sister of the four [[LANGWORTHY, Lucius Hart|LANGWORTHY BROTHERS]]. Unfortunately Mrs. Marsh died before the home was completed. The Marsh family lived in the mansion until 1910. It was owned by Dr. William P. and Anna Power Slattery, and later became the [[HUEBSCH FUNERAL HOME]]. In 1944, Delbert J. and [[HAYFORD, Mary Regina|MARY REGINA HAYFORD]] purchased the mansion.

[[Image:marsh1.jpg|left|thumb|250px|]]
[[Image:marsh2.jpg|left|thumb|250px|]]
The Marsh Mansion featured hand-carved doors and window casings, Corinthian columns, four solid bronze chandeliers, and eight marble fireplaces. A walnut staircase and woodwork throughout the house was carved by a Swiss craftsman brought to Dubuque just for this job. French window glass and mirrors and a double front door of carved walnut were also features. The mansion was razed in 1965 to make room for the expanding [[CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY]].

---

Sources:

"Anouncing the Opening of Our New Funeral Home," The Telegraph-Herald, Jul 22, 1932: https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iuNFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=4129%2C5905426

Sommer, Lawrence. '''The Heritage of Dubuque'''. East Dubuque: Tel Graphics, October 1975

[[Category: Architecture]]
[[Category: Homes]]
[[Category: Undertakers/Funeral Directors]]

Thanks For Contacting Encyclopedia Dubuque

2014-03-04T22:47:32Z

Mmay:

Our editors will review your suggestions and reply to you as soon as possible.

If you have questions or comments not directly related to ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'', try contacting Carnegie-Stout Public Library's reference librarians at [mailto:yourlibrarian@dubuque.lib.ia.us yourlibrarian@dubuque.lib.ia.us].

Thanks For Contacting Encyclopedia Dubuque

2014-03-04T21:25:43Z

Mmay: Created page with "Our editors will review your suggestions and reply to you as soon as possible. If you have questions or comments not directly related to ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'', try contact..."

Our editors will review your suggestions and reply to you as soon as possible.

If you have questions or comments not directly related to ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'', try contacting Carnegie-Stout Public Library's reference librarians at [http://mailto:yourlibrarian@dubuque.lib.ia.us yourlibrarian@dubuque.lib.ia.us].

CREDITS

2013-01-24T15:30:01Z

Mmay:

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''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is written and edited by [[LYON, Randolph W.|Randolph W. Lyon]]. Images are provided by [[REDING, Robert Joseph|Robert Reding]], [[ZEPESKI, Norman|Norman Zepeski]], and many others. The encyclopedia website is maintained by Michael May and Jason Burds at [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ Carnegie-Stout Public Library] using [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki] software. Angela and Ransom Briggs helped establish the site in 2008.

The encyclopedia was made possible by a grant from the [http://www.cityofdubuque.org/ Dubuque City Council’s 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee]. The encyclopedia was also made possible by [http://www.usbank.com/ U.S. Bank] which donated full copyright ownership of the original 1991 print edition of [http://hip.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab43&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=cspl-horizon-main--external&ri=&index=.AW&term=Lyon&oper=and&x=6&y=4&aspect=subtab43&index=.TW&term=%22DUBUQUE%20THE%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%22&oper=and&index=.TW&term=&oper=and&index=.SE&term=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort= Randolph Lyon’s ''Dubuque: The Encyclopedia''] to the Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation.

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is owned and published by the [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/index.aspx?NID=102 Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation] under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike License], which means you are welcome to use any of the material for non-commercial purposes only, as long as you attribute ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' as the source. Material published on the encyclopedia website which is not created by our authors is done so with the permission of the copyright owners, or is allowed by U.S. copyright law as fair use for nonprofit educational purposes, or is freely available in the public domain.

For more information, [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/forms.aspx?FID=113 please contact us].

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'''How to Cite ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' Articles'''
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "ARTICLE TITLE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. Article date. Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation. Accessed on date at <nowiki><http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=ARTICLE_TITLE></nowiki>.</blockquote>
For example, the [[EUCHRE]] article should be cited this way:
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "EUCHRE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. October 23, 2009. Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation. Accessed on October 17, 2010 at <nowiki><http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=EUCHRE></nowiki>.</blockquote>
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Welcome

2013-01-24T15:27:40Z

Mmay:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2013-01-24T15:27:07Z

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DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T22:37:26Z

Mmay:

[[Image:Pauldavidson1909.jpg|thumb|alt=Paul Davidson's T206 Baseball Card from 1909|Paul Davidson's T206 Baseball Card from 1909]][[Image:Pauldavidson1906.JPG|thumb|alt=Paul Davidson in 1906|Paul Davidson in 1906]][[Image:Billdavidson1910.JPG|thumb|alt=Paul Davidson's brother Bill Davidson in 1910|Paul Davidson's brother Bill Davidson in 1910]]DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.<ref>Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]</ref><ref>Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed "Above". Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]</ref>

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform.<ref>Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]</ref> Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder.<ref>Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012: [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]</ref><ref>Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]</ref><ref>Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]</ref> Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.<ref>Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]</ref><ref>Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]</ref>

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.<ref name="obit">Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.</ref><ref>A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]</ref><ref>Mrs. Margaret Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]</ref>

==Notes==
<references />

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T21:06:35Z

Mmay:

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T20:45:15Z

Mmay:

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.<ref>Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]</ref><ref>Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]</ref>

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform.<ref>Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]</ref> Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder.<ref>Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012: [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]</ref><ref>Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]</ref><ref>Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]</ref> Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.<ref>Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]</ref><ref>Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]</ref>

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.<ref name="obit">Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.</ref><ref>A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]</ref><ref>Mrs. Margaret Evelyn Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]</ref>

==Notes==
<references />

Thank you to Dave Sonnenberg for help with this article.

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T19:46:39Z

Mmay:

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.<ref>Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]</ref><ref>Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]</ref>

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform.<ref>Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]</ref> Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder.<ref>Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012: [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]</ref><ref>Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]</ref><ref>Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]</ref> Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.<ref>Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]</ref><ref>Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]</ref>

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.<ref name="obit">Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.</ref><ref>A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]</ref><ref>Mrs. Margaret Evelyn Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]</ref>

<gallery widths=220px heights=300px>
Image:Pauldavidson1909.jpg|Paul Davidson's T206 Baseball Card from 1909
Image:Pauldavidson1906.JPG|Paul Davidson in 1906
Image:Billdavidson1910.JPG|Paul Davidson's brother Bill Davidson in 1910
</gallery>

==Notes==
<references />

Thank you to Dave Sonnenberg for help with this article.

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T19:42:59Z

Mmay:

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.<ref>Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]</ref><ref>Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]</ref>

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform.<ref>Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]</ref> Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder.<ref>Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012: [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]</ref><ref>Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]</ref><ref>Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]</ref> Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.<ref>Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]</ref><ref>Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]</ref>

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.<ref name="obit">Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.</ref><ref>A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]</ref><ref>Mrs. Margaret Evelyn Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]</ref>

<gallery widths=220px heights=300px>
Image:Pauldavidson1909.jpg|Paul Davidson's T206 Baseball Card from 1909
Image:Pauldavidson1906.JPG|Paul Davidson in 1906
Image:Billdavidson1910.JPG|Paul Davidson's brother Bill Davidson in 1910
</gallery>

==Notes==
<references />

Thank you to Dave Sonnenberg for help with this article.

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T17:57:15Z

Mmay:

File:Billdavidson1910.JPG

2012-12-17T17:55:37Z

Mmay: Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://ne

Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]

File:Pauldavidson1906.JPG

2012-12-17T17:54:53Z

Mmay: Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsM

Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]

File:Pauldavidson1909.jpg

2012-12-17T17:53:46Z

Mmay: Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]

Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T17:51:14Z

Mmay:

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.<ref>Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]</ref><ref>Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]</ref>

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform.<ref>Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012: [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]</ref> Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder.<ref>Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012: [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]</ref><ref>Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]</ref><ref>Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]
</ref> Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.<ref>Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]</ref><ref>Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012: [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]</ref>

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.<ref name="obit">Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.</ref><ref>A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]</ref><ref>Mrs. Margaret Evelyn Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933: [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]</ref>

==Notes==
<references />

Thank you to Dave Sonnenberg for help with this article.

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T16:40:57Z

Mmay:

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform. Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder. Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.

---

Sources:

Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012. [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]

Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012. [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]

Mrs. Margaret Evelyn Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]

Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.

Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012. [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]

Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]

Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012. [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]

Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012. [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]

Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]

Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910 [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]

A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]

Thank you to Dave Sonnenberg for help with this article.

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul

2012-12-17T16:40:13Z

Mmay: New page: DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mo...

DAVIDSON, Robert Paul. (Lafayette, IN, Nov. 30, 1886--Morris, IL, March 11, 1940). Baseball player. Outfielder Paul Davidson played eight seasons from 1904 to 1911 in the minor leagues, mostly in the Class B Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League, also known as the Three-I or Three-Eye League. He played [[BASEBALL]] for the Dubuque Shamrocks in 1905, the Dubuque Dubs in 1906, and the Dubuque Hustlers in 1911. During his entire career, Davidson played in 911 games, was at bat 3,402 times, and had a batting average of .260.

A well-known player, Davidson's image appeared on a baseball card in the T206 set issued by the American Tobacco Company in cigarette and loose tobacco packs from 1909 to 1911. On the card, Davidson is shown in his 1909 Indianapolis Indians uniform. Davidson's brother, William S. Davidson, was also an outfielder. Bill Davidson played for the Chicago Cubs in 1909, the Brooklyn Superbas in 1910, and the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1911, as well as several minor league teams.

Paul Davidson was born on November 30, 1886 in Lafayette, Indiana. He married Dubuque native Margaret Evelyn Halpin at [[ST. RAPHAEL'S CATHEDRAL]] in 1910. After Margaret died in 1933, Davidson married Agnes Barrows of Morris, Illinois in 1938. Besides playing baseball, Davidson was a telegraph operator and station agent at Seneca, Illinois for the Rock Island Railroad, a motion-picture theater operator, and owner of Davidson Motors, an auto dealership in Morris, Illinois. He died in Morris on March 11, 1940, where he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery.

---

Sources:

Bill Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012. [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids007wil]

Bill Davidson [Major League] Statistics and History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012. [http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/d/davidbi01.shtml]

Mrs. Margaret Evelyn Davidson. Telegraph-Herald and Times-Journal (Dubuque), April 19, 1933. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bgVRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QL4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3999%2C1729526]

Paul Davidson, 53, Died Last Night. Morris Daily Herald (Illinois), March 12, 1940. Print.

Paul Davidson, Indianapolis Team, Baseball Card Portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. December 14, 2012. [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/ http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008676939/]

Paul Davidson is Only Miner Who Has So Far Been Signed 'Above'. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 9, 1906. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ufhCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-KsMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2301%2C2226431]

Paul Davidson Minor League Statistics & History. Baseball-Reference.com. December 14, 2012. [http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau http://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=davids001pau]

Robert P Davidson in Household of C Joseph Davidson, ED 1136 Precinct 6 West Town Chicago City Ward 35, Cook, Illinois, United States. United States Census, 1900. FamilySearch. December 14, 2012. [https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/MS7D-91P]

Rockford Has Sold Paul Davidson. Davenport Republican (Iowa), August 5, 1904. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2RpcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ElUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1636%2C5510963]

Simply Drifted Into Game. Outfielder "Bill" Davidson, Outfielder of the Brooklyn Team, Tells of His Early Start. The Kendall Miner (Montana), November 11, 1910 [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273 http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=37plAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Go4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=744%2C345273]

A Wedding of the Past Week. Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, September 25, 1910. [http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=aEyKTaVlRPYC&dat=19100925&dq=davidson&printsec=frontpage&hl=en]

Thank you to Dave Sonnenberg for help with this article.

[[category:Athletics-Baseball]]

DUBUQUE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT

2012-11-06T20:48:07Z

Mmay:

[[Image:dcsd.gif|right|thumb|550px|Logo of the Dubuque Community School District]]
Superintendents of the Dubuque Community School District

Start year End year

1856 Chandler Childs

1863 Dr. T. Mason

1910 [[OLDT, Franklin T.|Franklin T. OLDT]]

1910 1921 James H. Harris

1921 1926 O.P. Flower

1926 1927 Charles Prall

1927 1930 Fred G. Stevenson

1930 1940 Earl D. Cline

1940 1947 Jordan L. Larson

(1942-1943)
(1944-1945) A.W. Merrill, Acting Supt.

1947 1966 Dr. [[CLARK, Max|Max CLARK]]

1966 1977 Dr. [[WESSELS, Garlyn|Garlyn WESSELS]]

1977 1992 Dr. [[PIGG, Howard|Howard PIGG]]

1992 1994 [[LAM, Diana|Diana LAM]]

1994 1996 Dr. [[O'HARE, Marvin|Marvin O’HARE]]

1996 1999 Dr. [[MORRIS, Joel|Joel MORRIS]]

1999 2002 Dr. [[PETREK, Jane|Jane PETREK]]

2002 2009 [[BURGART, John|John L. BURGART]] (Interim 6/02-1/03)

2009 2012 Dr. [[GODINEZ, Larie|Larie GODINEZ]]

2012 present [[RHEINGANS, Stan|Stan RHEINGANS]]

DUBUQUE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT. The law enabling the organization of school districts in Iowa was passed by the First Legislative Assembly that met at Burlington, Iowa, on November 12, 1838. The Second Legislative Assembly, convened in January 1840, passed additional laws allowing communities to establish a complete system of public schools.

Despite this early interest in schools by the State, nothing was done to establish public education in Dubuque until the spring of 1844. A number of private schools were then operating in the city.

In April 1844, a tax levy was approved and Board of Education officers were elected. These included [[LEWIS, Warner|Warner LEWIS]], president; J. J. E. Norman, secretary; [[MASON, Timothy|Timothy MASON]], treasurer; and [[CARTER, William|William CARTER]], director. This board arranged with private schools to accept any children living within the district. Tuition would be paid on a per capita basis. Money remaining in the treasury after the payment of tuition was used to purchase school sites in the First and Third Wards. Records indicate no further activity of the Board until 1849 when a tax was levied which yielded $1,396.

During 1850 contracts were issued for the construction of two one-story brick schools, one in the First Ward and the other for the Third Ward. Soon after the buildings were completed, the District ran into financial difficulties and the buildings were sold under the Mechanics Lien laws. During 1851, Directors of the Third Ward District redeemed their school building. A school census in 1855 indicated that 3,466 children resided within the city.

Dubuque's slow movement toward establishing a school system led the State legislature in 1855 to pass a law making the City of Dubuque a permanent school district. The law further authorized the City Council to appoint a Board of Education to serve until the next city election.

No action was taken on this matter by the City Council until January 21, 1856. The City Council then created a Board of Education consisting of the [[MAYOR]] and one member from each ward in the city. The Mayor, City Recorder, and City Treasurer were all given ex-officio status on the new Board. Members of this Board included [[SHIELDS, John G.|John G. SHIELDS]], the mayor; [[MAHONY, Dennis|Dennis MAHONY]], First Ward; James A. Reid, Second Ward; James Burt, Third Ward; James R. Goodrich, Fourth Ward, and C. B. Waples, Fifth Ward. At the board's first meeting on February 7, 1856, Mahony was elected President pro tempore.

Disagreement with the City Council soon erupted over whether the Board had the authority to buy or exchange real estate. On March 10, 1856, the City Council adopted an ordinance that repealed the appointment of the first board. A new board was named including H. A. Wiltse, [[BISSELL, Frederick Ezekiel|Frederick. Ezekiel BISSELL]], J. J. E. Norman, J. A. Reed, and S. M. Case. The board first met on March 11 and elected H. W. Wiltse as its president.

In April, 1856 the city owned three school lots and two school houses, both houses capable of accommodating only one hundred forty pupils. The Board immediately organized temporary schools in different parts of the city until new houses could be erected. This board acted on many items. The school board surveyed the city to find there were 2,808 children of school age but because only private schools were operating just 300 children were actually getting an education. Textbooks for primary and secondary grades were adopted, teaching candidates were examined, Prescott and Franklin schools were opened, and plans were drawn for the opening of schools in two sites on the hill and one along Southern Avenue.

Since school facilities were rapidly proving inadequate for handling such large classes, it was decided that no child under six would be enrolled. Any student absent for over five hours in one week for any reason other than illness would be dismissed for the rest of the term.

Teachers were prohibited from enrolling African American children, as such an action would be illegal. A limit of sixty students per teacher was set in the Third Ward School. A limit of fifty students per teacher was established in the Fifth Ward School. The academic year was divided into three terms, and a resolution forbidding the use of tobacco in the schools was adopted. Continued friction between the Board and City Council was shown when the Board censured the Council for appointing a committee to inspect the Third Ward School.

During 1857-1858 financial difficulties for the District led to warrants being issued with rates of interest as high as 4 percent per month. Proceeds from the sale of warrants were placed in a fund for the purchase of fuel. A petition from several teachers asking that they be paid in currency or [[GOLD]] was denied as the Board had only [[SCRIP]] to offer.

The dismal financial condition of the District continued to be an issue in 1858-1859. A report of the board secretary showed that teachers lost $276.15 being paid in scrip that local merchants often discounted. The District Township School District of Dubuque was formed in accordance with laws passed during the previous session of the legislature. During the year, controversy arose over reading of the Bible in the schools.

[[Image:250px-Prescott.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Dubuque's first public high school was held in one of the upper rooms of the original Prescott Elementary School.]]A high school was started in May 1858, using the Third Ward school building at the corner of 12th and Clay (now Central) [[STREETS]]. To enroll, students needed to pass an examination in arithmetic, geography, grammar, and history.

The following year, the District found the high school needed larger quarters. The [[DUBUQUE FEMALE SEMINARY]] building was purchased. [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] donated books for the school's library. Classes began on January 3, 1859, but the poor financial condition of the District and the start of the [[CIVIL WAR]] led to the school closing before the end of the first term.

The District was only able to operate primary, secondary and grammar school classes when the teachers agreed to work for half salary. All schools were closed for the first term during the 1861-1862 academic year, but were reopened in January 1862.

In 1862-1863 the District purchased the Turner Hall building later occupied by the playground of [[PRESCOTT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]. The high school was opened in 1865 on the top floor with primary students on the lower floors. A large room was subdivided into classrooms and this remained the local high school until 1895.

Records indicate that the average attendance in the high school was 71 students. An exhibition was held in 1874 by students to raise money to purchase a collection of Iowa minerals and a piano. In 1874-1875 a student request to use one of the rooms for a gym was granted. The students, however, had to equip the room and obtain an architect's notice that the activities would not damage the building.

During the 1864-1865 school year a petition was received by the Board asking that a school for African-American children be opened. Since a private school for these students was open at the time, the Board chose to pay the operator of the school ten dollars per month from May 1, 1864, for each student enrolled.

Educational quality was on the minds of Board members when, in 1865-1866, they chose to examine all candidates for teaching positions and those already employed as teachers. Persons receiving the highest average on the examinations would be rewarded with employment. The petition for a school for African-American students was again presented. This time the Board rented a church basement and began the school on March 5, 1866. Of the 4,867 school age students in the District, the secretary's report indicated that 2,364 children were enrolled. The average daily attendance was 1,853.

Reported price gouging by local bookstores angered the Board in 1867. The Board responded by passing a resolution requesting local bookstores to reduce their prices to those charged by stores in Chicago or face the possibility of the Board operating its own bookstore. Teachers were made financially responsible for any books lost or destroyed.

Crowding in the First and Fifth Ward Schools during the 1868-1869 school year led to classes being divided into morning and afternoon shifts. A request by the German Catholic Congregation School to be considered a public school so that it could share in the school revenues was denied. The Board pointed to the presence of other private schools in Dubuque and that the school was not part of the jurisdiction of the Board of Directors.

The first graduation from a high school in Dubuque took place in 1870. Students of the high school, with additional citizen support, purchased an organ for the school and presented it to the Board. The Secretary's Report indicated 6,929 children lived within the District and that 2,721 attended public schools. With six male and fifty-seven female teachers, the student-teacher ratio was 43:1.

Vandalism plagued the District during 1872--1873 to the degree that the Board requested the mayor deputize building janitors as special police.

The school year of 1875-1876 witnessed the beginning of German instruction in the ward schools and the start of a fifteen-minute recess during morning and afternoon sessions. The Board denied the right of African American children to attend ward schools by claiming that the teacher at their school was capable of instructing children through the sixteenth year. The Board did approve any African American child completing the sixteenth year attending high school.

High school courses beginning in the 1876-1877 school year were divided into three classes. Business courses lasted three years. Classical and Latin scientific each required four years to complete. Students graduating with an average of ninety or better from the four-year courses were presented a Teacher's Grammar Certificate. Those graduating with an average from eighty to ninety received Teacher's Secondary Certificates upon application. Only twenty-five students graduated from the three-year course. By 1877 most courses were extended to four years. Four year Latin scientific and classical courses were continued after 1877 along with two-year business courses. After 1885 the classical course was discontinued. In 1895 the Board of Education realized that most students were enrolling in the two-year business course. This program was soon discontinued, and high school became a four-year program.

African American children attempted to attend ward schools during the winter of 1876-1877, but were denied admission. The Board was taken to District Court, but instructed its counsel not to offer any defense. All pupils withdrew from the African American school on February 14, 1877, and the building was closed.

Board member Jane D. Jennings resigned on January 24, 1881, because he had changed his party affiliation at the last election. An unwritten rule that the community supported provided that the membership on the Board would be evenly divided between the two political parties. Filling his vacancy was [[HAM, Moses M.|Moses M. HAM]].

Drawing was started in the schools during the 1880-1881 academic year. Since the Board did not wish to hire specialists, teachers were requested to attend classes to learn how to teach the new subject.

Drug education started in the District during the 1886-1887 school year. A course, written to comply with a new state law, was introduced which showed the effects of alcohol, stimulants and narcotics on the human body. The student teacher ratio had risen to 54:1.

With as many as 60 students standing without a place to sit, calls were made for a new high school. Dubuque voters passed a tax for a new building in March 1893. A site was chosen on 15th and Locust. [[CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL]] was dedicated on January 17, 1895. The new school accepted 110 students on February 4, 1895.

Schools were renamed with no clue for whom they were named on September 23, 1889. The schools with their former and new names were:
First Ward School--[[FRANKLIN SCHOOL]]
Third Ward School--[[PRESCOTT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Fourth Ward School--[[LINCOLN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Fifth Ward School--[[AUDUBON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
West Dubuque School--[[IRVING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Couler Avenue School--[[FULTON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Eagle Point School--[[MARSHALL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
West Locust Street School--[[JACKSON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
South Dodge Street School--[[BRYANT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Dodge Street School--Morse School

Lots 359 and 360 at the corner of 17th and White Streets were purchased for $700.00 and for $2,576.65. The [[PETER COOPER SCHOOL]] was constructed on this site.

In 1892 Irving School, rebuilt after being destroyed by fire the same year, became the first public school in the District to be heated by steam and provided with indoor toilets. Truch, Southworth and Company were granted permission to mine beneath the Lincoln School grounds for two years.

[[Image:0269.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The former public high school in Dubuque, this Romanesque architecture building served many years as the administrative building for the Dubuque Community School District.]]By a vote of 956 to 235, Dubuque voters in 1893 approved issuing $75,000 in bonds for the construction of what became [[CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL]]. The P. J. Lee lots at the corner of 15th and Locust were purchased for $15,000. G. Stanley Mansfield of Freeport, Illinois, was employed as the architect. The high school, dedicated on January 17, 1895, was occupied by students on February 4, 1895, and was used until the opening of [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] in 1923. The 1894-1895 school year also saw the District begin kindergarten classes.

Teachers' salaries were studied by a committee of the Board during the 1897-1898 school year. After comparing salaries in Dubuque with surrounding cities, the committee's report was adopted, and some salaries were cut.

During 1898-1899 a resolution was introduced to include music in the curriculum. The resolution was defeated by the Board in a vote of four to one. The faculty of the District then consisted of sixteen men and one hundred twelve women that, with the student enrollment of 5,174, resulted in a student-teacher ratio of 40:1.

[[Image:class04.png|left|thumb|250px|Graduation announcement in 1904]]John McCabe was elected the District's first Truant Officer and began his duties in September 1903. Schools were dismissed on June 2 at noon, but students were expected to return at 4:00 p.m. to accompany their teacher to the reception for President Theodore Roosevelt.

Dubuque schools received a gold medal for written work and shared another gold medal with the East Des Moines and Burlington Schools for best drawings submitted as part of the Iowa State Exhibit at the St. Louis World's Fair during the 1904—1905 school year. In his first annual report to the Board, John McCabe, the new truant officer, detailed the one hundred five cases he had investigated since taking office. In 1906 [["OLD FIFTH"]] was torn down.

[[Image:imp972.jpg|left|thumb|400px|1908 Promotion card from Lincoln Elementary School. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]During the 1908-1909 school year, the Palmer Handwriting Method was introduced in the District. Manual training was also made a part of the seventh and eighth grade curricula.

In June 1909 St. Raphael's school petitioned to be accredited to the high school. The school board's committee on course of study reported that pupils from any parochial school whose course of study was presented to the city superintendent and approved by him could be admitted to the high school upon conditions similar to those governing the admission of pupils from the grammar department of the public schools.

The pupils of the upper eight grades were given two tests at times designated by the superintendent. If the combined average from the average of the monthly report marks and the test average in any subject was 80 or more, the pupil would be excused from the final examination in that subject. If the average was less than 80, a final examination would have to be taken with the questions furnished by the superintendent. When final examinations were necessary, the general average required for promotion would have to be 75 or more and the minimum in arithmetic and grammar had to be at least 70. At the close of every semester, a complete report giving monthly report, test and final examination marks of all the pupils of the grade were given to the superintendent on forms provided by him.

[[Image:imp975.jpg|left|thumb|400px|1909 Report card from Lincoln Elementary School. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]Merchants along Clay Street petitioned the Board to abandon Prescott School on April 25, 1912. Merchants complained that the buildings were unsafe and that the traffic posed both a noise problem for the students as well as a hazard. The Board chose the half block facing White Street between 12th and 13th Streets for the new Prescott Elementary School.

Fraternities and sororities in the high school were banned by action of the Board in 1913-1914. Members of Zeta Beta Psi and Iota Beta Phi sororities and Alpha Omega, Phi Sigma, Phi Delta and Phi Sigma fraternities resigned during the 1914--1915 school year to comply with the Board ruling.

On October 6, 1916, a petition was filed with the Board for the construction of a new Bryant Elementary School. Of the 11,427 children living within the District, 3,152 attended public school. With the staff numbering fifteen men and one hundred thirty-one women the student teacher ratio was 27:1.

[[Image:imp149.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Communal paste jar from which students could fill their own paste containers.]]On November 19, 1919, a $50.00 bonus was approved by the Board for all teachers retroactive to the beginning of school in September. The amount was paid at a rate of five dollars per month. Permission to organize fraternities and sororities at the high school was granted.

In 1918 the board of education was praised for encouraging children in Dubuque to learn how to swim. The interest was a result of a census taken in the latter part of May in the high school and the upper grammar grades of the public schools. The census found that 276 pupils in the high school and 311 in the seventh and eighth grades of the grammar schools were unable to swim. Of the total 587 students, 526 indicated an interest in learning. This was nearly two-thirds of the boys and girls between the ages of twelve and eighteen. In July the board announced that swimming lessons would be provided beginning on July 9th at the municipal bathing beach near [[EAGLE POINT]]. The instructor for the boys was Mr. G. H. Westby of Chicago. Miss Ella H. Schneider of Chicago was hired to teach swimming to the girls.

[[Image:imp162.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Handbill from 1920 urging support for the construction of a new high school. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding.]]At a special election held on May 15, 1920, voters approved the construction of a new high school by a margin of 51 percent. Condemnation proceedings were begun on one site, but rescinded on May 25 when it was decided to buy the West Locust Street site at the corner of Seminary Street and West Locust, the present site of Dubuque Senior High School. The land, purchased from the [[SISTERS OF CHARITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (BVM)]], cost $45,335. Teachers with five or more years of experience received a salary increase effective in 1921 of $400. Teachers with less experience received $30. On June 3, 1920, voters approved a proposal to erect two junior high schools.

Sites for the junior high schools (now [[WASHINGTON MIDDLE SCHOOL]] and [[JEFFERSON MIDDLE SCHOOL]]) were selected on April 22, 1921, and January 7, 1922, respectively. The Board adopted a resolution during the 1922-1923 school year barring the employment of married women as teachers.

In 1923 the [[COMMITTEE OF NINE]] completed its investigation of grade school textbooks for alleged un-American materials.

In 1927 the District created the position of dean of girls at the high school. The first person to hold the job was Harriet Greenhow, a former principal of [[LINCOLN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] and then the head of the Latin department at the high school.

During the 1928-1929 academic year, junior high classes at Central School were discontinued. Classes for the deaf, handicapped and part-time were moved to the building.

The Peter Cooper School was closed during the 1930-1931 school year. Voters in 1932 approved a plan to sell the building and place the money in the School House Fund. During the same year the practice of renting textbooks was started at Washington Junior High School. Financial problems returned to the District, and 10 percent of all salaries were withheld for balancing the budget. At the end of the year, 60 percent of the money withheld was repaid to the employees.

In an effort to balance the budget, salaries were again reduced by 10 percent during the 1933-1934 year with an additional 10 percent coming from salaries exceeding one hundred dollars per month. At the end of the year, 75 percent of the withheld money was repaid.

[[Image:bustoken-1.png|left|thumb|150px|Bus token for school travel-front]][[Image:bustoken-2.png|left|thumb|150px|Bus token for school travel-back]]
The 10 percent reduction was used again during the 1935-1936 year with 30 percent of the withheld money returned. The teaching contract of [[KALTENBACH, Frederick Wilhelm|Frederick Wilhelm KALTENBACH]] was not renewed, and the [[MURALS]] at Dubuque Senior were completed under the direction of [[FERRING, Cyril|Cyril FERRING]], a former student.

In 1936-1937 the Dubuque Teachers Association asked the District to begin payment of salaries in twelve equal installments. Each paycheck was issued on the first day of the month.

[[Image:1938cert.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:nightschool.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Awards program (1938)Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]Night school was important. In 1937-38 a total of 350 students received night school certificates. To be eligible, a person had to attend at least 32 of the forty sessions and meet the class requirements. Those who attended only one semester's classes were given semester cards. Classes were held twice a week during the semester. Perfect attendance was also recognized. In 1937-28 perfect attendance records were held by thirty-six students. In a newspaper article at the time, it was noted that Frank F. Stoewer held the record with five years of perfect attendance. Following the presentation of certificates of achievement and semester cards, an annual closing party-dance was held in the [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] gymnasium.

On September 26, 1938, Dubuque voters approved by a vote of 4,763 to 1,265 to issue bonds for the construction of schools to replace Bryant, Fulton, Lincoln, and Marshal. A resolution was adopted on November 10,1938, to accept a grant from the federal government to help in the construction of the schools in a sum not to exceed $343,636. Marshall was accepted as completed on January 23, 1940. Bryant was accepted on February 23, 1940. Lincoln was accepted on April 1, 1941, and Fulton was accepted on April 16.

During 1941-1942 the Board adopted a rule that required all teachers to attend summer school and obtain a minimum of six hours of credit every six years. The federal government requested students in manual training classes during the same year to build airplane models to be used in the instruction of airplane spotters.

To enable more women to enter the workforce during [[WORLD WAR II]], the District began a day nursery at Audubon School for young children during the 1942-1943 academic year. In 1944 a second nursery was opened at Fulton School.

An epidemic of [[POLIO]] delayed the opening of school for one month in 1943. The same year a School Site Fund was created and funded by all delinquent taxes collected.

In 1946 the single salary schedule for teachers was adopted. The same year teachers received a two hundred dollar salary increase. On July 9, 1947, part of the Center Grove School District was annexed. This was followed on October 10 by the Oakville School District.

The start of school in 1949 was again delayed by poliomyelitis. A strike by coal miners left the District with a fuel shortage. Temperatures in the schools were lowered, and all after-school and evening activities were cancelled.

Construction contracts for the erection of a new Irving Elementary School were awarded in 1952. The building was dedicated on October 28, 1953, and [[WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH]] purchased the site of the old Irving School. Audubon School opened a classroom on a half-time basis in the fall of 1954 for the teaching of the mentally handicapped.

The merger of the Independent School District of Dubuque and the Independent School District of Center Grove was approved effective July 1, 1956. On December 10, 1956, the Board passed a resolution changing the name of the District from the Independent School District of Dubuque to the Dubuque Community School District. Merger with the Asbury Independent School District was approved effective July I, 1957.

Mergers with other districts occurred frequently. The District merged with the Stone Hill School District during the 1958-1959 academic year. The following year a resolution was approved merging the Dubuque district with the Rural Independent School District of Julien. The actual merger occurred July 1, 1960. The District agreed to merge with the Derby Grange Rural Independent School District (effective July 1, 1961), but denied the merger application of the Wilton Rural Independent School District, preferring to merge with only one district annually. In 1961 a petition to merge with the Table Mound Township School District was received. This was completed in 1962. Wilton Rural Independent School District merged with Dubuque on July 8, 1963. During the 1963-1964 school year the Board set aside its limitation on mergers as five rural school districts (Salem Rural Independent, Washington Township, St. Joseph Rural Independent, Mosalem Township and Center Township) joined Dubuque.

In testimonial to [[DALZELL, Wilbur|Wilbur DALZELL]] for his forty-three years of distinguished service to the District, the Board passed a resolution during the 1964-1965 academic year to name the athletic field at Senior High in his honor.

Dr. [[WESSELS, Garlyn|Garlyn WESSELS]] succeeded [[CLARK, Max|Max CLARK]] as superintendent of schools in 1965 at an annual salary of $16,000. Dr. [[PIGG, Howard|Howard PIGG]] was introduced as the new assistant superintendent. To comply with state law that all areas of the state be part of a K-12 school district, the County Board of Education announced that the following were attached to the Dubuque Community School District effective July 1, 1966: Bloody Run, Jefferson, St. Josephs, Knollville, Riverside, Sageville, Sherrill, Vernon and Washington Mills. In addition the merger of Prairie Springs and St. Donatus with the District was approved.

[[Image:dcsd.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]Bi-monthly meetings of the Board of Education began as a suggestion of the superintendent in 1967. The first meeting was designated as a business meeting while the second would deal with matters of educational programs. A Continuation School for expectant school-age girls was approved to be held on the third floor of Central School. The contract for the construction of [[STEPHEN HEMPSTEAD HIGH SCHOOL]] was awarded. [[HUMKE SCHOOL]], now displayed at the [[HAM HOUSE]], from Center Township was donated to the [[DUBUQUE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY]].

[[HOOVER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] was dedicated on Sunday, November 17, 1968. [[EISENHOWER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] was dedicated on November 24, 1968. During the 1968-1969 school year a "Stay in School" eight-week summer program designed to prevent students from becoming dropouts was approved by the Board. It was announced that Hempstead High School would not be ready for students by September 2, 1969, necessitating double sessions of classes at Dubuque Senior High School. Three sections of Hempstead were ready for use following Christmas vacation in 1969. The Board declared that January 26, 1970, the start of the second semester, would be the date of the move.

[[Image:peaward.jpg|right|thumb|150px|]]The superintendent reported during the 1969--1970 year a need for 289 elementary classrooms. Only 271 were then available. The Board approved the purchase of portable classrooms and remodeling to Fulton, Lincoln and [[KENNEDY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]. A state of emergency was declared by the County Superintendent making repairs possible without advertising for bids. The Board authorized a two-year lease with the [[SISTERS OF THE VISITATION OF THE IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY (SVM)]] for the use of the [[ACADEMY OF THE VISITATION]]. The building, used by shared-time students from Holy Ghost School, Saint Anthony School, and Nativity School was considered an annex of Washington Junior High School. The District purchased twenty-three acres of ground at Kaufmann Avenue and Chaney from the [[ARCHDIOCESE OF DUBUQUE]] for $75,000. Part of this site, once considered for a new junior high school, was later used for the administrative offices of the District.

In 1970 the District became the third school district in its size category throughout a 10-state mid-western area to adopt a system of performance pay for school administrative personnel. The pay system would apply to an estimated thirty-seven administrators assigned to individual school buildings. The new pay system included five pay criteria--education, experience, responsibility of position, length of contract and performance appraisal. The average 1970-71 salary for the thirty-seven building administrators to be rated under the evaluation system was $15,245. The same year the board approved a teacher salary package of a $6,875 base salary, a $3,000 district-maintained term life insurance policy and a partial payment of the individual teacher's family health insurance.

The 1980s in the District implementation of collective bargaining. The [[DUBUQUE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION]], an affiliate of the Iowa State Education Association and the National Education Association was the bargaining agent for the teachers. Grievances followed a procedure of settlement that could include binding arbitration. Settling the issue of pay often resulted in the District and Association taking their case to first a fact finder and then if no agreement was reached to an arbitrator.

Beyond negotiations, the District in 1988 named the gymnasium at [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] the Nora Gym in honor of [[NORA, James|James NORA]]. The District was also seen as a leader in the removal of asbestos. The "In Touch" newsletter was begun and an AIDS curriculum was approved in 1988. After much discussion, fans were approved for schools. In 1989 a multi-cultural curriculum plan was adopted. A consultant for the program began work the following year.

During 1990 the combination of Eisenhower Elementary School with Keller School was accomplished with the name of the school remaining Eisenhower. The District commitment to special education included working with students from [[HILLS AND DALES CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER]], [[AREA RESIDENTIAL CARE, INC.]], and counties in the State of Iowa.

In October, 1990 the District adopted an affirmative action plan while calling a proposed goal of hiring women and minorities to fill four administrative and management positions by 1992 unrealistic. The time table was delayed to 1993. The affirmative action plan called for active efforts to hire qualified women, racial minorities and disabled people to all school positions. Except for two Asian and two Hispanic teachers, the district had no minority employees in 1989-1990. Katie Mulholland, the district's staff development coordinator, stated that the goals of the plan represented a standard the district should try to attain and was not a hiring quota.

In 1991 Jerome Greer was hired as the first black school administrator in the history of the District. Greer, the principal of [[IRVING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]], remembered having to travel to Cedar Rapids to find a barber who cut blacks' hair. A cross-burning took place at a location in full view of the school.

In the 1990s the District developed its own multicultural and non-sexist plan administered by [[DETERMAN, Thomas|Thomas DETERMAN]]. Inservice programs were held for staff members and curriculum adoptions were made after materials were examined for bias. After Determan's retirement, inservices were continued and staff development was brought to the buildings annually by Dr. Kris Hall.

In July 1992, [[LAM, Diana|Diana LAM]] was hired as the superintendent upon the retirement of Dr. Howard Pigg. Lam established a number of initiatives including expeditionary learning. In 1993 amid controversy about her curriculum changes, the Board of Education voted 4-3 to renew her contract for another two years. Shortly afterwards, Lam accepted an offer to be the superintendent of schools in San Antonio, Texas.

Dr. [[O'HARE, Marvin|Marvin O'HARE]] succeeded Lam as superintendent. O’Hare moved to Dubuque in 1970 to serve the Dubuque Community School District as the first Director of Elementary Education, then assistant superintendent. He was a strong advocate of early childhood education. He was succeeded as superintendent by Dr. [[MORRIS, Joel|Joel MORRIS]]. Dr. Morris was succeeded by Dr. [[PETREK, Jane|Jane PETREK]] and then [[BURGART, John|John BURGART]]. Burgart was succeeded by Dr. [[GODINEZ, Larie|Larie GODINEZ]].

Under Dr. Godinez, the District actively moved toward the purchase of property once owned by the [[DUBUQUE PACKING COMPANY]] for the construction of a new middle school. Controversy arose over the cost and location of the land. Controversy also arose over the superintendent's idea of closing several neighborhood elementary schools and relocating the students to [[WASHINGTON JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] after the construction of a new middle school on the Pack property. The Board of Education eventually withdraw its interest in the property, and the potential closing of elementary schools was no longer considered. In 2011, the District moved towards more technology in the classrooms. Projectors, for example, which could be linked to the Internet were installed in elementary social studies classrooms. Teachers were provided with laptops. In February 2012 the question of entering into a long-term contract with one technology company to provide services to the District was explored. In April the decision to proceed with just one company was reconsidered. The same month it was discovered that a $133,000 "help desk" had never been operational. This was followed the same month with the discovery that several district computer servers had not had anti-virus programs installed. Dr. Godinez stated that she had not been informed of either situation. On Monday, April 30th the board voted unanimously to consider firing the superintendent. On May 1st, Superintendent Godinez gave notice that she was taking an extended leave of absence.

On Wednesday, May 2, 2012 the board unanimously approved the appointment of [[RHEINGANS, Stan|Stan RHEINGANS]] as acting superintendent. Rheingans had been the district's Executive Director of Human Resources since July 2004. On May 30, 2012 the Board and Dr. Godinez reached a termination agreement. The Board announced then announced that it would conduct its own search for a new superintendent. In June of 2012 Rheingans was named Interim Superintendent and his salary was raised to around $160,000. Rheingans was named the superintendent in September after a search was conducted by the board without professional assistance as in the past.

No employee threatened to exceed the record of employment held by [[ANDRES, Amelia C.|Amelia C. ANDRES]].

(Photo Courtesy: http://www.dubuquepostcards.com)

[[Image:weightcardf.jpg|left|thumb|250px|In 1929 educators in Dubuque had elementary students monitor their weight]]
[[Image:weightcardr.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Elementary students were provided health rules to follow.]]
[[Image:musiccard.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A record of musical practice. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:graduation.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:clipping2.jpg|left|thumb|450px|In the late 1890s, high school students and their parents attended an all-day boat cruise. Image courtesy: Diane Harris]]

--

Source:

School Board minutes

Kruse, Len. "Prescott-Dubuque's First Public High School," ''My Old Dubuque'', Center for Dubuque History, Loras College, 2000, p. 269-270

Telegraph Herald, April 9, 1939

Telegraph Herald, May 3, 2012

Telegraph Herald, June 28, 2012

[[Category: Organizations]]

DUBUQUE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT

2012-11-06T20:46:51Z

Mmay:

[[Image:dcsd.gif|right|thumb|550px|Logo of the Dubuque Community School District]]
Superintendents of the Dubuque Community School District

Start year End year

1856 Chandler Childs

1863 Dr. T. Mason

1910 [[OLDT, Franklin T.|Franklin T. OLDT]]

1910 1921 James H. Harris

1921 1926 O.P. Flower

1926 1927 Charles Prall

1927 1930 Fred G. Stevenson

1930 1940 Earl D. Cline

1940 1947 Jordan L. Larson

(1942-1943)
(1944-1945) A.W. Merrill, Acting Supt.

1947 1966 Dr. [[CLARK, Max|Max CLARK]]

1966 1977 Dr. [[WESSELS, Garlyn|Garlyn WESSELS]]

1977 1992 Dr. [[PIGG, Howard|Howard PIGG]]

1992 1994 [[LAM, Diana|Diana LAM]]

1994 1996 Dr. [[O'HARE, Marvin|Marvin O’HARE]]

1996 1999 Dr. [[MORRIS, Joel|Joel MORRIS]]

1999 2002 Dr. [[PETREK, Jane|Jane PETREK]]

2002 2009 [[BURGART, John|John L. BURGART]] (Interim 6/02-1/03)

2009 2012 Dr. [[GODINEZ, Larie|Larie GODINEZ]]

2012 [[RHEINGANS, Stan|Stan RHEINGANS]]

DUBUQUE COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT. The law enabling the organization of school districts in Iowa was passed by the First Legislative Assembly that met at Burlington, Iowa, on November 12, 1838. The Second Legislative Assembly, convened in January 1840, passed additional laws allowing communities to establish a complete system of public schools.

Despite this early interest in schools by the State, nothing was done to establish public education in Dubuque until the spring of 1844. A number of private schools were then operating in the city.

In April 1844, a tax levy was approved and Board of Education officers were elected. These included [[LEWIS, Warner|Warner LEWIS]], president; J. J. E. Norman, secretary; [[MASON, Timothy|Timothy MASON]], treasurer; and [[CARTER, William|William CARTER]], director. This board arranged with private schools to accept any children living within the district. Tuition would be paid on a per capita basis. Money remaining in the treasury after the payment of tuition was used to purchase school sites in the First and Third Wards. Records indicate no further activity of the Board until 1849 when a tax was levied which yielded $1,396.

During 1850 contracts were issued for the construction of two one-story brick schools, one in the First Ward and the other for the Third Ward. Soon after the buildings were completed, the District ran into financial difficulties and the buildings were sold under the Mechanics Lien laws. During 1851, Directors of the Third Ward District redeemed their school building. A school census in 1855 indicated that 3,466 children resided within the city.

Dubuque's slow movement toward establishing a school system led the State legislature in 1855 to pass a law making the City of Dubuque a permanent school district. The law further authorized the City Council to appoint a Board of Education to serve until the next city election.

No action was taken on this matter by the City Council until January 21, 1856. The City Council then created a Board of Education consisting of the [[MAYOR]] and one member from each ward in the city. The Mayor, City Recorder, and City Treasurer were all given ex-officio status on the new Board. Members of this Board included [[SHIELDS, John G.|John G. SHIELDS]], the mayor; [[MAHONY, Dennis|Dennis MAHONY]], First Ward; James A. Reid, Second Ward; James Burt, Third Ward; James R. Goodrich, Fourth Ward, and C. B. Waples, Fifth Ward. At the board's first meeting on February 7, 1856, Mahony was elected President pro tempore.

Disagreement with the City Council soon erupted over whether the Board had the authority to buy or exchange real estate. On March 10, 1856, the City Council adopted an ordinance that repealed the appointment of the first board. A new board was named including H. A. Wiltse, [[BISSELL, Frederick Ezekiel|Frederick. Ezekiel BISSELL]], J. J. E. Norman, J. A. Reed, and S. M. Case. The board first met on March 11 and elected H. W. Wiltse as its president.

In April, 1856 the city owned three school lots and two school houses, both houses capable of accommodating only one hundred forty pupils. The Board immediately organized temporary schools in different parts of the city until new houses could be erected. This board acted on many items. The school board surveyed the city to find there were 2,808 children of school age but because only private schools were operating just 300 children were actually getting an education. Textbooks for primary and secondary grades were adopted, teaching candidates were examined, Prescott and Franklin schools were opened, and plans were drawn for the opening of schools in two sites on the hill and one along Southern Avenue.

Since school facilities were rapidly proving inadequate for handling such large classes, it was decided that no child under six would be enrolled. Any student absent for over five hours in one week for any reason other than illness would be dismissed for the rest of the term.

Teachers were prohibited from enrolling African American children, as such an action would be illegal. A limit of sixty students per teacher was set in the Third Ward School. A limit of fifty students per teacher was established in the Fifth Ward School. The academic year was divided into three terms, and a resolution forbidding the use of tobacco in the schools was adopted. Continued friction between the Board and City Council was shown when the Board censured the Council for appointing a committee to inspect the Third Ward School.

During 1857-1858 financial difficulties for the District led to warrants being issued with rates of interest as high as 4 percent per month. Proceeds from the sale of warrants were placed in a fund for the purchase of fuel. A petition from several teachers asking that they be paid in currency or [[GOLD]] was denied as the Board had only [[SCRIP]] to offer.

The dismal financial condition of the District continued to be an issue in 1858-1859. A report of the board secretary showed that teachers lost $276.15 being paid in scrip that local merchants often discounted. The District Township School District of Dubuque was formed in accordance with laws passed during the previous session of the legislature. During the year, controversy arose over reading of the Bible in the schools.

[[Image:250px-Prescott.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Dubuque's first public high school was held in one of the upper rooms of the original Prescott Elementary School.]]A high school was started in May 1858, using the Third Ward school building at the corner of 12th and Clay (now Central) [[STREETS]]. To enroll, students needed to pass an examination in arithmetic, geography, grammar, and history.

The following year, the District found the high school needed larger quarters. The [[DUBUQUE FEMALE SEMINARY]] building was purchased. [[JONES, George Wallace|George Wallace JONES]] donated books for the school's library. Classes began on January 3, 1859, but the poor financial condition of the District and the start of the [[CIVIL WAR]] led to the school closing before the end of the first term.

The District was only able to operate primary, secondary and grammar school classes when the teachers agreed to work for half salary. All schools were closed for the first term during the 1861-1862 academic year, but were reopened in January 1862.

In 1862-1863 the District purchased the Turner Hall building later occupied by the playground of [[PRESCOTT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]. The high school was opened in 1865 on the top floor with primary students on the lower floors. A large room was subdivided into classrooms and this remained the local high school until 1895.

Records indicate that the average attendance in the high school was 71 students. An exhibition was held in 1874 by students to raise money to purchase a collection of Iowa minerals and a piano. In 1874-1875 a student request to use one of the rooms for a gym was granted. The students, however, had to equip the room and obtain an architect's notice that the activities would not damage the building.

During the 1864-1865 school year a petition was received by the Board asking that a school for African-American children be opened. Since a private school for these students was open at the time, the Board chose to pay the operator of the school ten dollars per month from May 1, 1864, for each student enrolled.

Educational quality was on the minds of Board members when, in 1865-1866, they chose to examine all candidates for teaching positions and those already employed as teachers. Persons receiving the highest average on the examinations would be rewarded with employment. The petition for a school for African-American students was again presented. This time the Board rented a church basement and began the school on March 5, 1866. Of the 4,867 school age students in the District, the secretary's report indicated that 2,364 children were enrolled. The average daily attendance was 1,853.

Reported price gouging by local bookstores angered the Board in 1867. The Board responded by passing a resolution requesting local bookstores to reduce their prices to those charged by stores in Chicago or face the possibility of the Board operating its own bookstore. Teachers were made financially responsible for any books lost or destroyed.

Crowding in the First and Fifth Ward Schools during the 1868-1869 school year led to classes being divided into morning and afternoon shifts. A request by the German Catholic Congregation School to be considered a public school so that it could share in the school revenues was denied. The Board pointed to the presence of other private schools in Dubuque and that the school was not part of the jurisdiction of the Board of Directors.

The first graduation from a high school in Dubuque took place in 1870. Students of the high school, with additional citizen support, purchased an organ for the school and presented it to the Board. The Secretary's Report indicated 6,929 children lived within the District and that 2,721 attended public schools. With six male and fifty-seven female teachers, the student-teacher ratio was 43:1.

Vandalism plagued the District during 1872--1873 to the degree that the Board requested the mayor deputize building janitors as special police.

The school year of 1875-1876 witnessed the beginning of German instruction in the ward schools and the start of a fifteen-minute recess during morning and afternoon sessions. The Board denied the right of African American children to attend ward schools by claiming that the teacher at their school was capable of instructing children through the sixteenth year. The Board did approve any African American child completing the sixteenth year attending high school.

High school courses beginning in the 1876-1877 school year were divided into three classes. Business courses lasted three years. Classical and Latin scientific each required four years to complete. Students graduating with an average of ninety or better from the four-year courses were presented a Teacher's Grammar Certificate. Those graduating with an average from eighty to ninety received Teacher's Secondary Certificates upon application. Only twenty-five students graduated from the three-year course. By 1877 most courses were extended to four years. Four year Latin scientific and classical courses were continued after 1877 along with two-year business courses. After 1885 the classical course was discontinued. In 1895 the Board of Education realized that most students were enrolling in the two-year business course. This program was soon discontinued, and high school became a four-year program.

African American children attempted to attend ward schools during the winter of 1876-1877, but were denied admission. The Board was taken to District Court, but instructed its counsel not to offer any defense. All pupils withdrew from the African American school on February 14, 1877, and the building was closed.

Board member Jane D. Jennings resigned on January 24, 1881, because he had changed his party affiliation at the last election. An unwritten rule that the community supported provided that the membership on the Board would be evenly divided between the two political parties. Filling his vacancy was [[HAM, Moses M.|Moses M. HAM]].

Drawing was started in the schools during the 1880-1881 academic year. Since the Board did not wish to hire specialists, teachers were requested to attend classes to learn how to teach the new subject.

Drug education started in the District during the 1886-1887 school year. A course, written to comply with a new state law, was introduced which showed the effects of alcohol, stimulants and narcotics on the human body. The student teacher ratio had risen to 54:1.

With as many as 60 students standing without a place to sit, calls were made for a new high school. Dubuque voters passed a tax for a new building in March 1893. A site was chosen on 15th and Locust. [[CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL]] was dedicated on January 17, 1895. The new school accepted 110 students on February 4, 1895.

Schools were renamed with no clue for whom they were named on September 23, 1889. The schools with their former and new names were:
First Ward School--[[FRANKLIN SCHOOL]]
Third Ward School--[[PRESCOTT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Fourth Ward School--[[LINCOLN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Fifth Ward School--[[AUDUBON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
West Dubuque School--[[IRVING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Couler Avenue School--[[FULTON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Eagle Point School--[[MARSHALL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
West Locust Street School--[[JACKSON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
South Dodge Street School--[[BRYANT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]
Dodge Street School--Morse School

Lots 359 and 360 at the corner of 17th and White Streets were purchased for $700.00 and for $2,576.65. The [[PETER COOPER SCHOOL]] was constructed on this site.

In 1892 Irving School, rebuilt after being destroyed by fire the same year, became the first public school in the District to be heated by steam and provided with indoor toilets. Truch, Southworth and Company were granted permission to mine beneath the Lincoln School grounds for two years.

[[Image:0269.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The former public high school in Dubuque, this Romanesque architecture building served many years as the administrative building for the Dubuque Community School District.]]By a vote of 956 to 235, Dubuque voters in 1893 approved issuing $75,000 in bonds for the construction of what became [[CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL]]. The P. J. Lee lots at the corner of 15th and Locust were purchased for $15,000. G. Stanley Mansfield of Freeport, Illinois, was employed as the architect. The high school, dedicated on January 17, 1895, was occupied by students on February 4, 1895, and was used until the opening of [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] in 1923. The 1894-1895 school year also saw the District begin kindergarten classes.

Teachers' salaries were studied by a committee of the Board during the 1897-1898 school year. After comparing salaries in Dubuque with surrounding cities, the committee's report was adopted, and some salaries were cut.

During 1898-1899 a resolution was introduced to include music in the curriculum. The resolution was defeated by the Board in a vote of four to one. The faculty of the District then consisted of sixteen men and one hundred twelve women that, with the student enrollment of 5,174, resulted in a student-teacher ratio of 40:1.

[[Image:class04.png|left|thumb|250px|Graduation announcement in 1904]]John McCabe was elected the District's first Truant Officer and began his duties in September 1903. Schools were dismissed on June 2 at noon, but students were expected to return at 4:00 p.m. to accompany their teacher to the reception for President Theodore Roosevelt.

Dubuque schools received a gold medal for written work and shared another gold medal with the East Des Moines and Burlington Schools for best drawings submitted as part of the Iowa State Exhibit at the St. Louis World's Fair during the 1904—1905 school year. In his first annual report to the Board, John McCabe, the new truant officer, detailed the one hundred five cases he had investigated since taking office. In 1906 [["OLD FIFTH"]] was torn down.

[[Image:imp972.jpg|left|thumb|400px|1908 Promotion card from Lincoln Elementary School. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]During the 1908-1909 school year, the Palmer Handwriting Method was introduced in the District. Manual training was also made a part of the seventh and eighth grade curricula.

In June 1909 St. Raphael's school petitioned to be accredited to the high school. The school board's committee on course of study reported that pupils from any parochial school whose course of study was presented to the city superintendent and approved by him could be admitted to the high school upon conditions similar to those governing the admission of pupils from the grammar department of the public schools.

The pupils of the upper eight grades were given two tests at times designated by the superintendent. If the combined average from the average of the monthly report marks and the test average in any subject was 80 or more, the pupil would be excused from the final examination in that subject. If the average was less than 80, a final examination would have to be taken with the questions furnished by the superintendent. When final examinations were necessary, the general average required for promotion would have to be 75 or more and the minimum in arithmetic and grammar had to be at least 70. At the close of every semester, a complete report giving monthly report, test and final examination marks of all the pupils of the grade were given to the superintendent on forms provided by him.

[[Image:imp975.jpg|left|thumb|400px|1909 Report card from Lincoln Elementary School. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]Merchants along Clay Street petitioned the Board to abandon Prescott School on April 25, 1912. Merchants complained that the buildings were unsafe and that the traffic posed both a noise problem for the students as well as a hazard. The Board chose the half block facing White Street between 12th and 13th Streets for the new Prescott Elementary School.

Fraternities and sororities in the high school were banned by action of the Board in 1913-1914. Members of Zeta Beta Psi and Iota Beta Phi sororities and Alpha Omega, Phi Sigma, Phi Delta and Phi Sigma fraternities resigned during the 1914--1915 school year to comply with the Board ruling.

On October 6, 1916, a petition was filed with the Board for the construction of a new Bryant Elementary School. Of the 11,427 children living within the District, 3,152 attended public school. With the staff numbering fifteen men and one hundred thirty-one women the student teacher ratio was 27:1.

[[Image:imp149.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Communal paste jar from which students could fill their own paste containers.]]On November 19, 1919, a $50.00 bonus was approved by the Board for all teachers retroactive to the beginning of school in September. The amount was paid at a rate of five dollars per month. Permission to organize fraternities and sororities at the high school was granted.

In 1918 the board of education was praised for encouraging children in Dubuque to learn how to swim. The interest was a result of a census taken in the latter part of May in the high school and the upper grammar grades of the public schools. The census found that 276 pupils in the high school and 311 in the seventh and eighth grades of the grammar schools were unable to swim. Of the total 587 students, 526 indicated an interest in learning. This was nearly two-thirds of the boys and girls between the ages of twelve and eighteen. In July the board announced that swimming lessons would be provided beginning on July 9th at the municipal bathing beach near [[EAGLE POINT]]. The instructor for the boys was Mr. G. H. Westby of Chicago. Miss Ella H. Schneider of Chicago was hired to teach swimming to the girls.

[[Image:imp162.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Handbill from 1920 urging support for the construction of a new high school. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding.]]At a special election held on May 15, 1920, voters approved the construction of a new high school by a margin of 51 percent. Condemnation proceedings were begun on one site, but rescinded on May 25 when it was decided to buy the West Locust Street site at the corner of Seminary Street and West Locust, the present site of Dubuque Senior High School. The land, purchased from the [[SISTERS OF CHARITY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (BVM)]], cost $45,335. Teachers with five or more years of experience received a salary increase effective in 1921 of $400. Teachers with less experience received $30. On June 3, 1920, voters approved a proposal to erect two junior high schools.

Sites for the junior high schools (now [[WASHINGTON MIDDLE SCHOOL]] and [[JEFFERSON MIDDLE SCHOOL]]) were selected on April 22, 1921, and January 7, 1922, respectively. The Board adopted a resolution during the 1922-1923 school year barring the employment of married women as teachers.

In 1923 the [[COMMITTEE OF NINE]] completed its investigation of grade school textbooks for alleged un-American materials.

In 1927 the District created the position of dean of girls at the high school. The first person to hold the job was Harriet Greenhow, a former principal of [[LINCOLN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] and then the head of the Latin department at the high school.

During the 1928-1929 academic year, junior high classes at Central School were discontinued. Classes for the deaf, handicapped and part-time were moved to the building.

The Peter Cooper School was closed during the 1930-1931 school year. Voters in 1932 approved a plan to sell the building and place the money in the School House Fund. During the same year the practice of renting textbooks was started at Washington Junior High School. Financial problems returned to the District, and 10 percent of all salaries were withheld for balancing the budget. At the end of the year, 60 percent of the money withheld was repaid to the employees.

In an effort to balance the budget, salaries were again reduced by 10 percent during the 1933-1934 year with an additional 10 percent coming from salaries exceeding one hundred dollars per month. At the end of the year, 75 percent of the withheld money was repaid.

[[Image:bustoken-1.png|left|thumb|150px|Bus token for school travel-front]][[Image:bustoken-2.png|left|thumb|150px|Bus token for school travel-back]]
The 10 percent reduction was used again during the 1935-1936 year with 30 percent of the withheld money returned. The teaching contract of [[KALTENBACH, Frederick Wilhelm|Frederick Wilhelm KALTENBACH]] was not renewed, and the [[MURALS]] at Dubuque Senior were completed under the direction of [[FERRING, Cyril|Cyril FERRING]], a former student.

In 1936-1937 the Dubuque Teachers Association asked the District to begin payment of salaries in twelve equal installments. Each paycheck was issued on the first day of the month.

[[Image:1938cert.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:nightschool.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Awards program (1938)Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]Night school was important. In 1937-38 a total of 350 students received night school certificates. To be eligible, a person had to attend at least 32 of the forty sessions and meet the class requirements. Those who attended only one semester's classes were given semester cards. Classes were held twice a week during the semester. Perfect attendance was also recognized. In 1937-28 perfect attendance records were held by thirty-six students. In a newspaper article at the time, it was noted that Frank F. Stoewer held the record with five years of perfect attendance. Following the presentation of certificates of achievement and semester cards, an annual closing party-dance was held in the [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] gymnasium.

On September 26, 1938, Dubuque voters approved by a vote of 4,763 to 1,265 to issue bonds for the construction of schools to replace Bryant, Fulton, Lincoln, and Marshal. A resolution was adopted on November 10,1938, to accept a grant from the federal government to help in the construction of the schools in a sum not to exceed $343,636. Marshall was accepted as completed on January 23, 1940. Bryant was accepted on February 23, 1940. Lincoln was accepted on April 1, 1941, and Fulton was accepted on April 16.

During 1941-1942 the Board adopted a rule that required all teachers to attend summer school and obtain a minimum of six hours of credit every six years. The federal government requested students in manual training classes during the same year to build airplane models to be used in the instruction of airplane spotters.

To enable more women to enter the workforce during [[WORLD WAR II]], the District began a day nursery at Audubon School for young children during the 1942-1943 academic year. In 1944 a second nursery was opened at Fulton School.

An epidemic of [[POLIO]] delayed the opening of school for one month in 1943. The same year a School Site Fund was created and funded by all delinquent taxes collected.

In 1946 the single salary schedule for teachers was adopted. The same year teachers received a two hundred dollar salary increase. On July 9, 1947, part of the Center Grove School District was annexed. This was followed on October 10 by the Oakville School District.

The start of school in 1949 was again delayed by poliomyelitis. A strike by coal miners left the District with a fuel shortage. Temperatures in the schools were lowered, and all after-school and evening activities were cancelled.

Construction contracts for the erection of a new Irving Elementary School were awarded in 1952. The building was dedicated on October 28, 1953, and [[WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH]] purchased the site of the old Irving School. Audubon School opened a classroom on a half-time basis in the fall of 1954 for the teaching of the mentally handicapped.

The merger of the Independent School District of Dubuque and the Independent School District of Center Grove was approved effective July 1, 1956. On December 10, 1956, the Board passed a resolution changing the name of the District from the Independent School District of Dubuque to the Dubuque Community School District. Merger with the Asbury Independent School District was approved effective July I, 1957.

Mergers with other districts occurred frequently. The District merged with the Stone Hill School District during the 1958-1959 academic year. The following year a resolution was approved merging the Dubuque district with the Rural Independent School District of Julien. The actual merger occurred July 1, 1960. The District agreed to merge with the Derby Grange Rural Independent School District (effective July 1, 1961), but denied the merger application of the Wilton Rural Independent School District, preferring to merge with only one district annually. In 1961 a petition to merge with the Table Mound Township School District was received. This was completed in 1962. Wilton Rural Independent School District merged with Dubuque on July 8, 1963. During the 1963-1964 school year the Board set aside its limitation on mergers as five rural school districts (Salem Rural Independent, Washington Township, St. Joseph Rural Independent, Mosalem Township and Center Township) joined Dubuque.

In testimonial to [[DALZELL, Wilbur|Wilbur DALZELL]] for his forty-three years of distinguished service to the District, the Board passed a resolution during the 1964-1965 academic year to name the athletic field at Senior High in his honor.

Dr. [[WESSELS, Garlyn|Garlyn WESSELS]] succeeded [[CLARK, Max|Max CLARK]] as superintendent of schools in 1965 at an annual salary of $16,000. Dr. [[PIGG, Howard|Howard PIGG]] was introduced as the new assistant superintendent. To comply with state law that all areas of the state be part of a K-12 school district, the County Board of Education announced that the following were attached to the Dubuque Community School District effective July 1, 1966: Bloody Run, Jefferson, St. Josephs, Knollville, Riverside, Sageville, Sherrill, Vernon and Washington Mills. In addition the merger of Prairie Springs and St. Donatus with the District was approved.

[[Image:dcsd.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]Bi-monthly meetings of the Board of Education began as a suggestion of the superintendent in 1967. The first meeting was designated as a business meeting while the second would deal with matters of educational programs. A Continuation School for expectant school-age girls was approved to be held on the third floor of Central School. The contract for the construction of [[STEPHEN HEMPSTEAD HIGH SCHOOL]] was awarded. [[HUMKE SCHOOL]], now displayed at the [[HAM HOUSE]], from Center Township was donated to the [[DUBUQUE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY]].

[[HOOVER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] was dedicated on Sunday, November 17, 1968. [[EISENHOWER ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]] was dedicated on November 24, 1968. During the 1968-1969 school year a "Stay in School" eight-week summer program designed to prevent students from becoming dropouts was approved by the Board. It was announced that Hempstead High School would not be ready for students by September 2, 1969, necessitating double sessions of classes at Dubuque Senior High School. Three sections of Hempstead were ready for use following Christmas vacation in 1969. The Board declared that January 26, 1970, the start of the second semester, would be the date of the move.

[[Image:peaward.jpg|right|thumb|150px|]]The superintendent reported during the 1969--1970 year a need for 289 elementary classrooms. Only 271 were then available. The Board approved the purchase of portable classrooms and remodeling to Fulton, Lincoln and [[KENNEDY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]]. A state of emergency was declared by the County Superintendent making repairs possible without advertising for bids. The Board authorized a two-year lease with the [[SISTERS OF THE VISITATION OF THE IMMACULATE HEART OF MARY (SVM)]] for the use of the [[ACADEMY OF THE VISITATION]]. The building, used by shared-time students from Holy Ghost School, Saint Anthony School, and Nativity School was considered an annex of Washington Junior High School. The District purchased twenty-three acres of ground at Kaufmann Avenue and Chaney from the [[ARCHDIOCESE OF DUBUQUE]] for $75,000. Part of this site, once considered for a new junior high school, was later used for the administrative offices of the District.

In 1970 the District became the third school district in its size category throughout a 10-state mid-western area to adopt a system of performance pay for school administrative personnel. The pay system would apply to an estimated thirty-seven administrators assigned to individual school buildings. The new pay system included five pay criteria--education, experience, responsibility of position, length of contract and performance appraisal. The average 1970-71 salary for the thirty-seven building administrators to be rated under the evaluation system was $15,245. The same year the board approved a teacher salary package of a $6,875 base salary, a $3,000 district-maintained term life insurance policy and a partial payment of the individual teacher's family health insurance.

The 1980s in the District implementation of collective bargaining. The [[DUBUQUE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION]], an affiliate of the Iowa State Education Association and the National Education Association was the bargaining agent for the teachers. Grievances followed a procedure of settlement that could include binding arbitration. Settling the issue of pay often resulted in the District and Association taking their case to first a fact finder and then if no agreement was reached to an arbitrator.

Beyond negotiations, the District in 1988 named the gymnasium at [[DUBUQUE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] the Nora Gym in honor of [[NORA, James|James NORA]]. The District was also seen as a leader in the removal of asbestos. The "In Touch" newsletter was begun and an AIDS curriculum was approved in 1988. After much discussion, fans were approved for schools. In 1989 a multi-cultural curriculum plan was adopted. A consultant for the program began work the following year.

During 1990 the combination of Eisenhower Elementary School with Keller School was accomplished with the name of the school remaining Eisenhower. The District commitment to special education included working with students from [[HILLS AND DALES CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER]], [[AREA RESIDENTIAL CARE, INC.]], and counties in the State of Iowa.

In October, 1990 the District adopted an affirmative action plan while calling a proposed goal of hiring women and minorities to fill four administrative and management positions by 1992 unrealistic. The time table was delayed to 1993. The affirmative action plan called for active efforts to hire qualified women, racial minorities and disabled people to all school positions. Except for two Asian and two Hispanic teachers, the district had no minority employees in 1989-1990. Katie Mulholland, the district's staff development coordinator, stated that the goals of the plan represented a standard the district should try to attain and was not a hiring quota.

In 1991 Jerome Greer was hired as the first black school administrator in the history of the District. Greer, the principal of [[IRVING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL]], remembered having to travel to Cedar Rapids to find a barber who cut blacks' hair. A cross-burning took place at a location in full view of the school.

In the 1990s the District developed its own multicultural and non-sexist plan administered by [[DETERMAN, Thomas|Thomas DETERMAN]]. Inservice programs were held for staff members and curriculum adoptions were made after materials were examined for bias. After Determan's retirement, inservices were continued and staff development was brought to the buildings annually by Dr. Kris Hall.

In July 1992, [[LAM, Diana|Diana LAM]] was hired as the superintendent upon the retirement of Dr. Howard Pigg. Lam established a number of initiatives including expeditionary learning. In 1993 amid controversy about her curriculum changes, the Board of Education voted 4-3 to renew her contract for another two years. Shortly afterwards, Lam accepted an offer to be the superintendent of schools in San Antonio, Texas.

Dr. [[O'HARE, Marvin|Marvin O'HARE]] succeeded Lam as superintendent. O’Hare moved to Dubuque in 1970 to serve the Dubuque Community School District as the first Director of Elementary Education, then assistant superintendent. He was a strong advocate of early childhood education. He was succeeded as superintendent by Dr. [[MORRIS, Joel|Joel MORRIS]]. Dr. Morris was succeeded by Dr. [[PETREK, Jane|Jane PETREK]] and then [[BURGART, John|John BURGART]]. Burgart was succeeded by Dr. [[GODINEZ, Larie|Larie GODINEZ]].

Under Dr. Godinez, the District actively moved toward the purchase of property once owned by the [[DUBUQUE PACKING COMPANY]] for the construction of a new middle school. Controversy arose over the cost and location of the land. Controversy also arose over the superintendent's idea of closing several neighborhood elementary schools and relocating the students to [[WASHINGTON JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL]] after the construction of a new middle school on the Pack property. The Board of Education eventually withdraw its interest in the property, and the potential closing of elementary schools was no longer considered. In 2011, the District moved towards more technology in the classrooms. Projectors, for example, which could be linked to the Internet were installed in elementary social studies classrooms. Teachers were provided with laptops. In February 2012 the question of entering into a long-term contract with one technology company to provide services to the District was explored. In April the decision to proceed with just one company was reconsidered. The same month it was discovered that a $133,000 "help desk" had never been operational. This was followed the same month with the discovery that several district computer servers had not had anti-virus programs installed. Dr. Godinez stated that she had not been informed of either situation. On Monday, April 30th the board voted unanimously to consider firing the superintendent. On May 1st, Superintendent Godinez gave notice that she was taking an extended leave of absence.

On Wednesday, May 2, 2012 the board unanimously approved the appointment of [[RHEINGANS, Stan|Stan RHEINGANS]] as acting superintendent. Rheingans had been the district's Executive Director of Human Resources since July 2004. On May 30, 2012 the Board and Dr. Godinez reached a termination agreement. The Board announced then announced that it would conduct its own search for a new superintendent. In June of 2012 Rheingans was named Interim Superintendent and his salary was raised to around $160,000. Rheingans was named the superintendent in September after a search was conducted by the board without professional assistance as in the past.

No employee threatened to exceed the record of employment held by [[ANDRES, Amelia C.|Amelia C. ANDRES]].

(Photo Courtesy: http://www.dubuquepostcards.com)

[[Image:weightcardf.jpg|left|thumb|250px|In 1929 educators in Dubuque had elementary students monitor their weight]]
[[Image:weightcardr.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Elementary students were provided health rules to follow.]]
[[Image:musiccard.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A record of musical practice. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:graduation.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:clipping2.jpg|left|thumb|450px|In the late 1890s, high school students and their parents attended an all-day boat cruise. Image courtesy: Diane Harris]]

--

Source:

School Board minutes

Kruse, Len. "Prescott-Dubuque's First Public High School," ''My Old Dubuque'', Center for Dubuque History, Loras College, 2000, p. 269-270

Telegraph Herald, April 9, 1939

Telegraph Herald, May 3, 2012

Telegraph Herald, June 28, 2012

[[Category: Organizations]]

File:Dubuque City Map 1875.pdf

2012-09-04T15:14:34Z

Mmay:

STREETS

2012-08-20T16:42:23Z

Mmay:

STREETS (name changes). The congressional act of July 2, 1836 provided for surveying the lots and streets of several area cities including Dubuque. A total of $3,000 was appropriated to cover the expense. On March 3, 1837, an amendatory act was passed by which three commissioners were appointed to hear all evidence under the claims. These commissioners were to be paid six dollars per day.

Surveying streets did not suggest the early settlers wanted to quickly improve this means of transportation.

Indian trails and miners' paths there were through
Dirty Hollow,over Whisky and Hamilton hills, through
the tortuous windings of Madden hollow, over the
rugged ascent of Lorimier Hollow, now Julien Avenue,
and through several other wild ravines and over the
craggy steeps of the bluffs around the city. The only
unobstructed approach to the city was by way of what
is called the Couler at the upper end of town. Farmers,
of course, complained, but their complaints were for
some time unheeded. They had to watch the opportunity
of fair weather to come to town and wait for each other
at the foot of the hills to double and sometimes treble
teams to help each other through. This process went on
for years until other markets superseded this largely.
Galena enterprise put a ferry across the river at Tete
des Mortes and secured much of the trade of Jackson and
southern Dubuque counties. Other points — Bellevue,
Muscatine and Davenport — drew from the county west.
It was then realized that Dubuque would have to improve its
Indian trails and miners' paths."
(Express and Herald, October 24, 1855.)

In 1865 John D. Bush proposed the laying out of Grand Avenue, commencing at Quigley lane opposite the brewery on Julien Avenue and extending along the ridge road until its intersection with the [[MILITARY ROAD]] on the top of Whisky hill. In November, 1865, so unclean had the streets become, the citizens turned out en masse, formed a brigade, and cleaned them.

Over time, Dubuque, like other cities, changed street names. Many changes were made in 1921 at the suggestion of [[CARR, Ossian E.]], Dubuque's first City Manager. Among those that have been changed are the following:

[[Image:imp268.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Clay Street. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:imp603.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Cathy's Treasures, 156 Main, Dubuque]]
[[Image:imp614.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Road leading to Mt. Carmel. Photo courtesy: Cathy's Treasures, 156 Main, Dubuque]]
[[Image:imp649.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:streetcleanerhorse.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Streets were cleaned by a horse-pulled vehicle in 1890. Photo courtesy: Center for Dubuque History]]
[[Image:streetcleaner.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Fluckiger Motor Company sold the City of Dubuque its first motorized street cleaner. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:mainnfrom9.png|right|thumb|250px|A postcard with an interesting viewpoint of Main north from 9th]]
[[Image:mainsfrom10.png|right|thumb|250px|A postcard a viewpoint of Main south from 10th. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:11th1910.png|right|thumb|250px|1910 view of West 11th Street and its elevator.]]
[[Image:grandview1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
[[Image:rockdaleroad.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rockdale Road circa 1930]]

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!Original Name
!New Name
!Date of Change
|-
|Adams Avenue
|Prescott Street
|1921
|-
|Adams Street
|Sac Street
|1921
|-
|Alma Street
|Montrose
|
|-
|Altman Avenue
|St. Joseph Street
|1921
|-
|Anne Place
|West 18th Street
|
|-
|Arch Street
|Seminary Street
|1921
|-
|Aspen
|Linden
|
|-
|Audubon
|Grandview
|
|-
|Austin Place
|Raymond Place
|
|-
|Blocklinger Lane
|West 24th Street
|1921
|-
|Bluff Street
|Providence
|
|-
|Bluff
|High Bluff
|
|-
|Boundary Street
|Grandview Avenue
|1871
|-
|Brad Street
|Booth
|
|-
|Broad Street
|Mt. Pleasant
|
|-
|Brugh
|Schiller
|
|-
|Cardiff Street
|Summit Street
|1921
|-
|Cascade Road
|Fremont
|
|-
|Centre Street
|Asbury
|
|-
|Center Street
|Finley Street
|1921
|-
|Church
|6th
|-
|Clay Street
|Central Avenue (1st to 18th)
|1921
|-
|Clifford Street
|Eighth Street
|1921
|-
|Clifford
|Foye Street
|
|-
|Clifton Street
|Altman Avenue
|1921
|-
|Columbia
|Lexington
|
|-
|Cora Street
|South Hill St.
|
|-
|Couler Street
|Central Avenue (18th to city limits)
|1921
|-
|Delhi Street
|University Avenue
|1921
|-
|Division
|Lincoln
|
|-
|Dubuque Street
|Sumner
|
|-
|Eagle Point Street
|20th Street
|
|-
|Eagle Street Extension
|Lindberg Terrace
|
|-
|East Street
|McCormick Street
|1921
|-
|East
|Glen Oak
|
|-
|Eleanor Street
|Indian Ridge
|
|-
|Edith Street
|Roland Street
|1921
|-
|Empley's Lane
|Thomas Street
|1921
|-
|Exchange Street
|South Hill
|
|-
|Fink Street
|Jansen Street
|1921
|-
|Forrest Street
|Florence
|
|-
|Franklin Street
|West 16th Street
|1921
|-
|Franklin
|Fulton
|
|-
|Franklin
|Edison
|
|-
|Fremont Avenue
|Wartburg Avenue
|circa 1889
|-
|Fremont Avenue
|Wartburg Place
|1921
|-
|Front Street
|Peosta
|1938
|-
|Grandview Heights
|Plymouth Court
|
|-
|Grant Avenue
|Wilson Street
|1921
|-
|Grove Street
|Greeley Street
|1921
|-
|Hales Mill
|Asbury
|
|-
|Hall Street
|Auburn Street
|1921
|-
|Harrison
|Monroe
|
|-
|Hart Street
|West 23rd
|1921
|-
|Hazel Street
|Sunnyview
|
|-
|Herron Street
|South Locust Street
|1921
|-
|High Street
|Rhomberg
|
|-
|High Street
|Highland Pl.
|
|-
|Iowa Street Extension
|Shelby Street
|
|-
|James Street
|Huff
|
|-
|Jefferson Avenue
|Carter Road
|
|-
|John Street
|Simpson
|
|-
|Julien Avenue
|Lorimer Avenue
|1858
|-
|Julien Avenue
|University Avenue
|1940
|-
|Julien
|Primrose
|
|-
|Karrick Street
|Finley Street
|1921
|-
|Kerrigan Road
|
|1956
|-
|Klingenberg Street
|Hennepin Street
|1921
|-
|Lake Street
|Garfield
|
|-
|Leibnitz Street
|Lowell Street
|1921
|-
|Lemon
|Viola
|
|-
|Lenox Avenue
|Van Buren
|
|-
|Linden Boulevard
|Logan Street
|1921
|-
|Logan
|Belmont
|
|-
|Lorimier Avenue
|Julien Avenue
|1859
|-
|Louisa Street
|Algona Street
|1921
|-
|Main Street
|Front Street
|
|-
|Malady
|South Booth
|
|-
|Maple Street
|Morton Street
|1921
|-
|Martha Ann
|Martha
|
|-
|McCabe
|Broadway
|
|-
|Middle Avenue
|Farley Street
|1921
|-
|Mineral Street
|West Locust
|
|-
|Millville Street
|32nd Street
|1921
|-
|Military Street
|Rockdale Road
|
|-
|Monroe
|Harlan
|
|-
|Mount Carmel Avenue
|South Locust Street
|1921
|-
|National Street
|Delhi
|
|-
|North Cascade Road
|Fremont Avenue
|1921
|-
|North Street
|Hale
|1921
|-
|North 1st Street
|Kimball Street
|1921
|-
|North Iowa Street
|Shelby Street
|
|-
|North Main Street
|Main Street
|1921
|-
|O'Neill Street
|Langworthy
|1921
|-
|Orange
|Washington
|
|-
|Park Avenue
|Randall Place
|1921
|-
|Park Street
|Asbury Road
|
|-
|Park Hill
|West 28th
|1921
|-
|Park Way Avenue
|Park Street
|1921
|-
|Peru Road
|32nd Street
|1921
|-
|Pine Street
|Caledonia
|
|-
|Pine Street
|Pinard
|
|-
|Pine Street
|Poe Street
|1921
|-
|Planke Road
|Couler
|
|-
|Pleasant View Avenue
|Lexington Street
|1921
|-
|Rebecca Street
|Fairview Place
|
|-
|Reed Avenue
|Marshall Street
|1921
|-
|Riga Street
|Algona Street
|1921
|-
|Rosedale Avenue
|Auburn Street
|1921
|-
|Russell Street
|Rowan Street
|1921
|-
|Sanford Street
|East 24th
|1921
|-
|Seminary Street
|Clarke Drive
|1955
|-
|Seminary Street (from 17th to 18th)
|Heeb Street
|1921
|-
|South Dodge Street
|Bryant Street
|1921
|-
|South Street
|Lombard
|
|-
|Spring
|North Booth
|
|-
|State
|National
|
|-
|Stewart Street
|Southern
|
|-
|Thomas Street
|West 16th Street
|1921
|-
|Union Avenue
|Kirkwood Street
|1921
|-
|Valley
|Dillon Street
|
|-
|Vine Street
|Burns Street
|1921
|-
|Walnut
|Karrick
|
|-
|Wall
|Wallace
|
|-
|Wabash Avenue
|Seward Street
|1921
|-
|Warren
|Putnam
|
|-
|Wartburg Avenue
|Fremont Avenue
|1920
|-
|Washington Street
|O'Hagen Street
|
|-
|West Street
|Needham Place
|
|-
|West 4th Street
|Melrose Street
|1921
|-
|West 14th Street
|Loras Avenue
|1940
|-
|West Main Street
|Shields Street
|1921
|-
|West Eagle Point Avenue
|Kaufmann
|
|-
|West Seminary
|Ungs Street
|
|-
|Whelan
|Bradley
|
|-
|Wilde Street
|Mt. Loretta
|
|-
|Willow
|Rosedale Street
|1921
|-
|1st Avenue
|Decatur
|1921
|-
|2nd Avenue
|Hamilton
|1921
|-
|3rd Avenue
|Whittier
|1921
|-
|4th Avenue
|Emerson
|1921
|-
|5th Avenue (west of Linwood Cemetery)
|Edith Street
|1921
|-
|5th Avenue (east of Linwood Cemetery)
|Roosevelt Street
|1921
|-
|6th Avenue
|Stanton
|1921
|-
|7th Avenue
|Shiras Avenue
|1921
|-
|8th Avenue
|Farragut
|1921
|-
|9th Avenue
|Hawthorne
|1921
|-
|10th Avenue
|Sumner
|1921
|}

The name Whiskey Hill was used colloquially to refer to Southern Avenue through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but never appeared on any printed map or street sign.

----
'''Sources'''
*Lorimer Avenue." Dubuque Times Journal. Dubuque, IA, May 4, 1858.

*''Map of the City of Dubuque.''Iowa Publishing Company. Davenport, Iowa, 1906.

*"Ordinance Changing Street Names is Passed by Council at Last Meeting." Dubuque Times Journal, Dubuque, IA, March 27, 1921.

*Oldt, Franklin T., History of Dubuque County, Iowa. Chicago: Goodspeed Historical Association

*Research by John Klauer; 1918 Dubuque City Directory

*Stessman, James T. "History of the Names of Streets of Dubuque." April 26, 1954. On file at Carnegie-Stout Public Library.

*"Folks on Seminary Street Have New Address; It's Clarke Drive." [http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UHVFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m7wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5908%2C659450 ''Telegraph Herald'', Dubuque, IA, September 7, 1955].

*"Whiskey Label Sticks to Steep Hill." Telegraph Herald, Dubuque, IA, March 16, 1999.

[[Category: Transportation]]
[[Category:Postcards]]

Welcome

2012-02-18T15:08:53Z

Mmay:

Welcome to ''Encyclopedia Dubuque!'' With thousands of articles and images, ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is the most comprehensive online resource to the history and culture of Dubuque, Iowa.

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is continuously revised and updated by [[LYON, Randolph W.|Randolph W. Lyon]], author of the original reference book, ''Dubuque: The Encyclopedia''. [[REDING, Robert Joseph|Robert Joseph Reding]], former owner of Bob's Antiques and Collectibles of Dubuque, and Jim Massey have contributed hundreds of images from their extensive collections. ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is also proud to include many sketches by acclaimed local artist, [[ZEPESKI, Norman|Norman Zepeski]].

Check the entry: [[VIDEOS/SONGS]]

We need your help to make ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' as comprehensive and accurate as possible. If you think we should consider adding a subject or topic, have information or pictures to share, or if you notice any factual or typographical errors, [http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/contact.html please let us know].

To browse or search for articles, please click on a letter below or type keywords in the box:

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<center>
<linkedimage>
wikipage=PAULSEN, Louis
tooltip=Louis Paulsen
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img_width=85px
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</linkedimage>
<linkedimage>
wikipage=LINDSAY%2C_Margaret
tooltip=Margaret Lindsay
img_src=Image:Lindsay.gif
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BATTLE BOWS

2011-08-03T20:05:51Z

Mmay:

[[Image:imp263.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Construction of Battle Bows on June 12, 1992. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]BATTLE BOWS. Winning design in the national competition for the Tri-State Veterans Memorial. The idea of creating a monument honoring all from this area who had served their country in the military first occurred after the 1983 Memorial Day parade in Dubuque. The Tri-State Veterans Memorial Association was formed with E.A. Sanderson as president. [[MELOY, Harold P.|Harold P. MELOY]] was elected president after the articles of incorporation for the organization were completed in 1983.

A location for a monument in [[MARSHALL PARK]] became available with the City of Dubuque providing a two-acre plot. A fund-raising campaign was begun with a target of $300,000 to cover the cost of the design and construction. The design was the creation of sculptors Saunders Schultz and William Severson of St. Louis, Missouri, and architect Thomas Nisbet of Madison, Wisconsin. The seven-member panel of professional judges that selected the design was chaired by [[NORMAN, Wayne Albert|Wayne NORMAN]]. Nisbet received ten thousand dollars for his entry. The term "bow" is short for rainbow from the biblical story in Genesis where after the flood, God set his "bow" in the sky. Construction on the monument began in 1990.

[[Image:imp389.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Mayor's proclamation. Photo courtesy: Bob Reding]]
Constructed about twenty-four feet high, Battle Bows consists of four stainless steel semi-arches. Three of the arches, designed in plain polished steel, circle a fourth laminated with four-foot long ceramic tiles fired in Seattle, Washington, representing colorful battle and campaign ribbons from wars beginning with the [[REVOLUTIONARY WAR]] to the [[VIETNAM WAR]].

[[Category: Military]]

GUERDET SALOON

2011-06-24T21:56:51Z

Mmay: New page: GUERDET SALOON. Henry Guerdet, 605 Clay Street, circa 1890-1891. [[Image:Guerdet Saloon.jpg|Guerdet Saloon, left to right Edward Mahan, Stephen J Guerdet, Henry Guerdet, unknown, unknown,...

GUERDET SALOON. Henry Guerdet, 605 Clay Street, circa 1890-1891.

[[Image:Guerdet Saloon.jpg|Guerdet Saloon, left to right Edward Mahan, Stephen J Guerdet, Henry Guerdet, unknown, unknown, unknown. Stephen & Henry were brothers. Edward Mahan was Stephen's father-in-law. Photo and info courtesy of Liz Pudas.]]

[[Category: Bar]]

File:Guerdet Saloon.jpg

2011-06-24T21:43:20Z

Mmay: Image courtesy of Liz Pudas.

Image courtesy of Liz Pudas.

File:0162.jpg

2011-03-14T17:38:19Z

Mmay:

The nonprofit educational use of this image is allowed by U.S. copyright law. EBAY, 3/13/2011.

CREDITS

2011-03-11T21:45:35Z

Mmay:

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</tr>
</table>

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is written and edited by [[LYON, Randolph W.|Randolph W. Lyon]]. Images are provided by [[REDING, Robert Joseph|Robert Reding]], [[ZEPESKI, Norman|Norman Zepeski]], and many others. The encyclopedia website is maintained by Michael May and Jason Burds at [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ Carnegie-Stout Public Library] using [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki] software. Angela and Ransom Briggs helped establish the site in 2008.

The encyclopedia was made possible by a grant from the [http://www.cityofdubuque.org/ Dubuque City Council’s 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee]. The encyclopedia was also made possible by [http://www.usbank.com/ U.S. Bank] which donated full copyright ownership of the original 1991 print edition of [http://hip.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab43&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=cspl-horizon-main--external&ri=&index=.AW&term=Lyon&oper=and&x=6&y=4&aspect=subtab43&index=.TW&term=%22DUBUQUE%20THE%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%22&oper=and&index=.TW&term=&oper=and&index=.SE&term=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort= Randolph Lyon’s ''Dubuque: The Encyclopedia''] to the Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation.

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is owned and published by the [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/index.aspx?NID=102 Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation] under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike License], which means you are welcome to use any of the material for non-commercial purposes only, as long as you attribute ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' as the source. Material published on the encyclopedia website which is not created by our authors is done so with the permission of the copyright owners, or is allowed by U.S. copyright law as fair use for nonprofit educational purposes, or is freely available in the public domain.

For more information, [http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/contact.html please contact us].

<div style="padding: 10px; background: #DDDDDD; border: width: 100px;">
'''How to Cite ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' Articles'''
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "ARTICLE TITLE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. Article date. Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation. Accessed on date at <nowiki><http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=ARTICLE_TITLE></nowiki>.</blockquote>
For example, the [[EUCHRE]] article should be cited this way:
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "EUCHRE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. October 23, 2009. Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation. Accessed on October 17, 2010 at <nowiki><http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=EUCHRE></nowiki>.</blockquote>
</div>

CREDITS

2011-03-11T21:38:19Z

Mmay:

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cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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rect 4 1 146 104[http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ Carnegie-Stout Public Library]
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rect 0 1 397 114[http://www.usbank.com/ U.S. Bank]
desc none
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circle 69 67 68[http://www.cityofdubuque.org/ Dubuque's 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee]
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</table>

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is written and edited by [[LYON, Randolph W.|Randolph W. Lyon]]. Images are provided by [[REDING, Robert Joseph|Robert Reding]], [[ZEPESKI, Norman|Norman Zepeski]], and many others. The encyclopedia website is maintained by Michael May and Jason Burds at [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ Carnegie-Stout Public Library] using [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki] software. Angela and Ransom Briggs helped establish the site in 2008.

The encyclopedia was made possible by a grant from the [http://www.cityofdubuque.org/ Dubuque City Council’s 175th Anniversary Celebration Committee]. The encyclopedia was also made possible by [http://www.usbank.com/ U.S. Bank] which donated full copyright ownership of the original 1991 print edition of [http://hip.dubuque.lib.ia.us/ipac20/ipac.jsp?menu=search&aspect=subtab43&npp=10&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=cspl-horizon-main--external&ri=&index=.AW&term=Lyon&oper=and&x=6&y=4&aspect=subtab43&index=.TW&term=%22DUBUQUE%20THE%20ENCYCLOPEDIA%22&oper=and&index=.TW&term=&oper=and&index=.SE&term=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&ultype=&uloper=%3D&ullimit=&sort= Randolph Lyon’s ''Dubuque: The Encyclopedia''] to the Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation.

''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' is owned and published by the [http://www.dubuque.lib.ia.us/index.aspx?NID=102 Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation] under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike License], which means you are welcome to use any of the material for non-commercial purposes only, as long as you attribute ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' as the source.

Material published on the encyclopedia website which is not created by our authors is done so with the permission of the copyright owners, or is allowed by U.S. copyright law as fair use for nonprofit educational purposes, or is freely available in the public domain.

For more information, [http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/contact.html please contact us].

<div style="padding: 10px; background: #DDDDDD; border: width: 100px;">
'''How to Cite ''Encyclopedia Dubuque'' Articles'''
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "ARTICLE TITLE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. Article date. Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation. Accessed on date at <nowiki><http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=ARTICLE_TITLE></nowiki>.</blockquote>
For example, the [[EUCHRE]] article should be cited this way:
<blockquote>Randolph W. Lyon. "EUCHRE." ''Encyclopedia Dubuque''. October 23, 2009. Carnegie-Stout Library Foundation. Accessed on October 17, 2010 at <nowiki><http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/index.php?title=EUCHRE></nowiki>.</blockquote>
</div>

WAHLERT, Teresa

2011-03-11T21:11:38Z

Mmay:

[[Image:twahlert.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Teresa Wahlert.]]WAHLERT, Teresa. (Dubuque, IA-- ). Business Leader. Wahlert holds a Master of Science in Business as a Sloan Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She received a Master in Business Administration from Creighton University and a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from St. Mary’s at Notre Dame.

She began her career as an assistant analyst in Data Systems for Northwestern Bell in Omaha in 1970 holding a variety of positions in Data Systems and Accounting. In 1981, she became District Manager-Finance at AT&T headquarters in New York. She returned to Omaha in 1983 as the General Finance Manager. In 1986, Wahlert became Assistant Vice President-Finance for U.S. West.

Wahlert served as Regional Vice President and Arizona’s Vice President of Policy and Law for Qwest Services Corporation. In Arizona, she directed the transition to digital switching in the state, the start of alternative form of regulation, and the improvement in service quality benchmarks.

On January 1, 1995, Wahlert became the first female to head the firm's Iowa operations which employed 2,300 people and had 750,000 customers. She directed the Company’s legislative efforts that resulted in the passage of two major bills in North Dakota and eight major bills in Iowa, dealing with regulations. She retired from Qwest in August, 2002 after thirty-two years of service that included positions as Vice President for U.S. West in both Iowa and North Dakota.

Wahlert's resume has also included being President and Chief Executive Officer of the Greater Des Moines Partnership. Her responsibilities included operational oversight of the Partnership’s $7 million annual budget and maintaining alliances with business, education and governmental groups throughout the community.

In February 2004, Teresa Wahlert was named President and Chief Operating Officer of Mid-America Group, a regional real estate, investment and development firm.

Wahlert has been a member of the University of Iowa Henry B. Tippie College Board of Visitors; Wells Fargo of Iowa Community Board; and Greater Des Moines Partnership Board of Directors. She served as the 2000 Chairperson of the Greater Des Moines Partnership. She was named a Business Record Female Business Woman of the Year (2003); Business Record Woman of Influence (2004); inductee into the Iowa Business Hall of Fame (2004); and was featured in the book, “Success on Our Own Terms.”

On December 8, 2010 Governor-elect Terry Branstad anounced Teresa Wahlert as head of Iowa Workforce Development in the Branstad/Reynolds administration. Iowa Workforce Development was formed in 1996 to provide Iowa businesses and employees with a broad organization of services and education.

---

Source:

http://www.easterniowagovernment.com/2010/12/08/branstad-chooses-wahlert-to-head-job-development-office/

[[Category: Business Leader]]
[[Category: Firsts]]

File:Twahlert.jpg

2011-03-11T20:59:48Z

Mmay:

The nonprofit educational use of this image is allowed by U.S. copyright law. Source: http://www.iowaworkforce.org/table.htm. March 11, 2011.

George Wallace Jones

2011-02-04T15:55:29Z

Mmay: Redirecting to JONES, George W.

#REDIRECT [[JONES, George W.]]

FIRST CITIZEN AWARD

2010-12-08T22:45:08Z

Mmay:

FIRST CITIZEN AWARD. Annual recognition given by the [[TELEGRAPH HERALD]]. Recipients of the award have been:

[[RHOMBERG, Roger J.|Roger J. RHOMBERG ]](1970)

[[CHAVENELLE, Gilbert D.|Gilbert D. CHAVENELLE]](1971)

[[MCALEECE, Gerald "Red"|Gerald "Red" MCALEECE]](1972)

[[NORMAN, Wayne Andrew Sr.|Wayne Andrew NORMAN, Sr. ]](1973)

[[RHOMBERG, Thomas|Thomas RHOMBERG ]](1974)

[[MARSHALL, Jackson|Jackson MARSHALL ]](1975)

[[HEMMER, Paul|Paul HEMMER]] (1976)

[[FROMMELT, Leo|Leo FROMMELT ]](1977)

[[MERRITT, Jacqueline|Jacqueline MERRITT]] (1978)

[[FAUTSCH, Louis|Louis FAUTSCH]] (1979)

[[EBERHARDT, Auleen|Auleen EBERHARDT]] (1980)

[[HICKEY, Mary|Mary HICKEY]] (1981)

[[LIPPER, George|George LIPPER]] (1982)

[[LIPPER, Gloria|Gloria LIPPER]] (1982)

[[BIGGINS, Mary|Mary BIGGINS]] (1983)

[[SUTTON, Ruby|Ruby SUTTON]] (1984)

[[DUBUQUE RACING ASSOCIATION]] (1985)

[[DUNN, Catherine|Catherine DUNN]] (1986)

[[HONKAMP, Arnold N.|Arnold N. HONKAMP]] (1987)

[[HARDIE, Frank|Frank HARDIE]] (1988)

[[FREUND, George|George FREUND]] (1989)

[[PETERSON, Walter|Walter PETERSON]] and [[KRUSE, William G.|William G. KRUSE]] (1990)

[[ENZLER, Jerome|Jerome ENZLER]] (1991)

[[RUSK, David Wm.|David Wm. RUSK]] (1992)

[[MERIWETHER, J. Bruce|J. Bruce MERIWETHER]] (1993)

[[GINTER, Donna|Donna GINTER]] (1994)

[[HERRIG, Eldon|Eldon HERRIG]] (1995)

[[HESS, Jeanette Ruth "Jan"|Jeanette Ruth "Jan" HESS]] (1996)

[[HEINEMANN, Eugene|Eugene HEINEMANN]] (1997)

[[NASH, Ruth|Ruth NASH]] (1998)

[[NASH, Russ|Russ NASH]] (1998)

[[FRIEDMAN, Larry|Larry FRIEDMAN]] (1999)

[[BONNEWELL, Latha|Latha BONNEWELL]] (2000)

[[BONNEWELL, Robert|Robert BONNEWELL]] (2000)

[[FUERSTE, F. Hunter|F. Hunter FUERSTE]] (2001)

[[THEISEN, Jim|Jim THEISEN]] (2002)

[[BUELOW, C.J.|C.J. BUELOW]] (2003)

[[WERTZBERGER, Richard|Richard WERTZBERGER]] (2004)

[[MCCARTHY, Leo|Leo MCCARTHY]] (2005)

[[DENLINGER, Norma|Norma DENLINGER]] 2006

[[BROWN, Wallace|Wallace BROWN]] 2007

[[FRIEDL, Francis (Msgr.)|(Msgr.) Francis FRIEDL]] 2008

Sister [[HUEWE, Helen|Helen HUEWE]] 2009

[[Category: Awards]]
[[Category: Firsts]]